Merge pull request #1075 from github/release-2.10.12

cut a 2.10.12 release

.travis.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-before_install: sudo apt-get install libicu-dev -y
+before_install: 
+  - sudo apt-get install libicu-dev -y
+  - gem update --system 2.1.11
 rvm:
   - 1.8.7
   - 1.9.2
   - 1.9.3
+  - 2.0.0
   - ree
 notifications:
   disabled: true

Gemfile

@@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
+
+if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9.3"
+  # escape_utils 1.0.0 requires 1.9.3 and above
+  gem "escape_utils", "0.3.2"
+end

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2011-2013 GitHub, Inc.
+Copyright (c) 2011-2014 GitHub, Inc.
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation

README.md

@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 # Linguist
 
-We use this library at GitHub to detect blob languages, highlight code, ignore binary files, suppress generated files in diffs and generate language breakdown graphs.
+We use this library at GitHub to detect blob languages, highlight code, ignore binary files, suppress generated files in diffs, and generate language breakdown graphs.
 
 ## Features
 
 ### Language detection
 
-Linguist defines the list of all languages known to GitHub in a [yaml file](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml). In order for a file to be highlighted, a language and lexer must be defined there.
+Linguist defines a list of all languages known to GitHub in a [yaml file](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml). In order for a file to be highlighted, a language and a lexer must be defined there.
 
-Most languages are detected by their file extension. This is the fastest and most common situation.
-
-For disambiguating between files with common extensions, we use a [Bayesian classifier](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/classifier.rb). For an example, this helps us tell the difference between `.h` files which could be either C, C++, or Obj-C.
-
-In the actual GitHub app we deal with `Grit::Blob` objects. For testing, there is a simple `FileBlob` API.
+Most languages are detected by their file extension. For disambiguating between files with common extensions, we first apply some common-sense heuristics to pick out obvious languages. After that, we use a
+[statistical
+classifier](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/classifier.rb).
+This process can help us tell the difference between, for example, `.h` files which could be either C, C++, or Obj-C.
 
 ```ruby
 
@@ -27,13 +26,11 @@ See [lib/linguist/language.rb](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/li
 
 The actual syntax highlighting is handled by our Pygments wrapper, [pygments.rb](https://github.com/tmm1/pygments.rb). It also provides a [Lexer abstraction](https://github.com/tmm1/pygments.rb/blob/master/lib/pygments/lexer.rb) that determines which highlighter should be used on a file.
 
-We typically run on a pre-release version of Pygments, [pygments.rb](https://github.com/tmm1/pygments.rb), to get early access to new lexers. The [languages.yml](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml) file is a dump of the lexers we have available on our server.
-
 ### Stats
 
-The Language Graph you see on every repository is built by aggregating the languages of all repo's blobs. The top language in the graph determines the project's primary language. Collectively, these stats make up the [Top Languages](https://github.com/languages) page.
+The Language stats bar that you see on every repository is built by aggregating the languages of each file in that repository. The top language in the graph determines the project's primary language.
 
-The repository stats API can be used on a directory:
+The repository stats API, accessed through `#languages`, can be used on a directory:
 
 ```ruby
 project = Linguist::Repository.from_directory(".")
@@ -41,10 +38,27 @@ project.language.name  #=> "Ruby"
 project.languages      #=> { "Ruby" => 0.98, "Shell" => 0.02 }
 ```
 
-These stats are also printed out by the binary. Try running `linguist` on itself:
+These stats are also printed out by the `linguist` binary. You can use the
+`--breakdown` flag, and the binary will also output the breakdown of files by language.
 
-    $ bundle exec linguist lib/
-    100%  Ruby
+You can try running `linguist` on the `lib/` directory in this repository itself:
+
+    $ bundle exec linguist lib/ --breakdown
+
+    100.00% Ruby
+
+    Ruby:
+    linguist/blob_helper.rb
+    linguist/classifier.rb
+    linguist/file_blob.rb
+    linguist/generated.rb
+    linguist/heuristics.rb
+    linguist/language.rb
+    linguist/md5.rb
+    linguist/repository.rb
+    linguist/samples.rb
+    linguist/tokenizer.rb
+    linguist.rb
 
 #### Ignore vendored files
 
@@ -82,14 +96,18 @@ To run the tests:
 
 ## Contributing
 
-The majority of patches won't need to touch any Ruby code at all. The [master language list](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml) is just a configuration file.
+The majority of contributions won't need to touch any Ruby code at all. The [master language list](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml) is just a YAML configuration file.
 
 We try to only add languages once they have some usage on GitHub, so please note in-the-wild usage examples in your pull request.
 
 Almost all bug fixes or new language additions should come with some additional code samples. Just drop them under [`samples/`](https://github.com/github/linguist/tree/master/samples) in the correct subdirectory and our test suite will automatically test them. In most cases you shouldn't need to add any new assertions.
 
+To update the `samples.json` after adding new files to [`samples/`](https://github.com/github/linguist/tree/master/samples):
+
+    bundle exec rake samples
+
 ### Testing
 
-Sometimes getting the tests running can be too much work, especially if you don't have much Ruby experience. It's okay, be lazy and let our build bot [Travis](http://travis-ci.org/#!/github/linguist) run the tests for you. Just open a pull request and the bot will start cranking away.
+Sometimes getting the tests running can be too much work, especially if you don't have much Ruby experience. It's okay: be lazy and let our build bot [Travis](http://travis-ci.org/#!/github/linguist) run the tests for you. Just open a pull request and the bot will start cranking away.
 
 Here's our current build status, which is hopefully green: [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/github/linguist.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/github/linguist)

Rakefile

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+require 'json'
 require 'rake/clean'
 require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'yaml'
 
 task :default => :test
 
@@ -13,6 +15,13 @@ task :samples do
   File.open('lib/linguist/samples.json', 'w') { |io| io.write json }
 end
 
+task :build_gem do
+  languages = YAML.load_file("lib/linguist/languages.yml")
+  File.write("lib/linguist/languages.json", JSON.dump(languages))
+  `gem build github-linguist.gemspec`
+  File.delete("lib/linguist/languages.json")
+end
+
 namespace :classifier do
   LIMIT = 1_000
 

bin/linguist

@@ -1,19 +1,39 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 
 # linguist — detect language type for a file, or, given a directory, determine language breakdown
-#
-# usage: linguist <path>
+#     usage: linguist <path> [<--breakdown>]
 
 require 'linguist/file_blob'
 require 'linguist/repository'
 
 path = ARGV[0] || Dir.pwd
 
+# special case if not given a directory but still given the --breakdown option
+if path == "--breakdown"
+  path = Dir.pwd
+  breakdown = true
+end
+
+ARGV.shift
+breakdown = true if ARGV[0] == "--breakdown"
+
 if File.directory?(path)
   repo = Linguist::Repository.from_directory(path)
   repo.languages.sort_by { |_, size| size }.reverse.each do |language, size|
-    percentage = ((size / repo.size.to_f) * 100).round
-    puts "%-4s %s" % ["#{percentage}%", language]
+    percentage = ((size / repo.size.to_f) * 100)
+    percentage = sprintf '%.2f' % percentage
+    puts "%-7s %s" % ["#{percentage}%", language]
+  end
+  if breakdown
+    puts
+    file_breakdown = repo.breakdown_by_file
+    file_breakdown.each do |lang, files|
+      puts "#{lang}:" 
+      files.each do |file|
+        puts file
+      end
+      puts
+    end
   end
 elsif File.file?(path)
   blob = Linguist::FileBlob.new(path, Dir.pwd)

github-linguist.gemspec

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name    = 'github-linguist'
-  s.version = '2.9.5'
+  s.version = '2.10.12'
   s.summary = "GitHub Language detection"
+  s.description = 'We use this library at GitHub to detect blob languages, highlight code, ignore binary files, suppress generated files in diffs, and generate language breakdown graphs.'
 
   s.authors  = "GitHub"
   s.homepage = "https://github.com/github/linguist"
+  s.license  = "MIT"
 
   s.files = Dir['lib/**/*']
   s.executables << 'linguist'
 
   s.add_dependency 'charlock_holmes', '~> 0.6.6'
-  s.add_dependency 'escape_utils',    '~> 0.3.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'escape_utils',    '>= 0.3.1'
   s.add_dependency 'mime-types',      '~> 1.19'
-  s.add_dependency 'pygments.rb',     '~> 0.5.2'
-  s.add_development_dependency 'mocha'
+  s.add_dependency 'pygments.rb',     '~> 0.5.4'
+
   s.add_development_dependency 'json'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'mocha'
   s.add_development_dependency 'rake'
   s.add_development_dependency 'yajl-ruby'
 end

lib/linguist.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'linguist/blob_helper'
 require 'linguist/generated'
+require 'linguist/heuristics'
 require 'linguist/language'
 require 'linguist/repository'
 require 'linguist/samples'

lib/linguist/blob_helper.rb

@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ module Linguist
     # Public: Is the blob safe to colorize?
     #
     # We use Pygments for syntax highlighting blobs. Pygments
-    # can be too slow for very large blobs or for certain 
+    # can be too slow for very large blobs or for certain
     # corner-case blobs.
-    # 
+    #
     # Return true or false
     def safe_to_colorize?
       !large? && text? && !high_ratio_of_long_lines?

lib/linguist/classifier.rb

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ module Linguist
     #
     # Returns nothing.
     #
-    # Set LINGUIST_DEBUG=1 or =2 to see probabilities per-token,
-    # per-language.  See also dump_all_tokens, below.
+    # Set LINGUIST_DEBUG=1 or =2 to see probabilities per-token or
+    # per-language.  See also #dump_all_tokens, below.
     def self.train!(db, language, data)
       tokens = Tokenizer.tokenize(data)
 
@@ -78,18 +78,13 @@ module Linguist
     def classify(tokens, languages)
       return [] if tokens.nil?
       tokens = Tokenizer.tokenize(tokens) if tokens.is_a?(String)
-
       scores = {}
-      if verbosity >= 2
-        dump_all_tokens(tokens, languages)
-      end
+
+      debug_dump_all_tokens(tokens, languages) if verbosity >= 2
+
       languages.each do |language|
-        scores[language] = tokens_probability(tokens, language) +
-                                   language_probability(language)
-        if verbosity >= 1
-          printf "%10s = %10.3f + %7.3f = %10.3f\n",
-            language, tokens_probability(tokens, language), language_probability(language), scores[language]
-        end
+        scores[language] = tokens_probability(tokens, language) + language_probability(language)
+        debug_dump_probabilities(tokens, language, scores[language]) if verbosity >= 1
       end
 
       scores.sort { |a, b| b[1] <=> a[1] }.map { |score| [score[0], score[1]] }
@@ -135,6 +130,11 @@ module Linguist
         @verbosity ||= (ENV['LINGUIST_DEBUG'] || 0).to_i
       end
 
+      def debug_dump_probabilities(tokens, language, score)
+        printf("%10s = %10.3f + %7.3f = %10.3f\n",
+            language, tokens_probability(tokens, language), language_probability(language), score)
+      end
+
       # Internal: show a table of probabilities for each <token,language> pair.
       #
       # The number in each table entry is the number of "points" that each
@@ -145,22 +145,22 @@ module Linguist
       # how much more likely (log of probability ratio) that token is to
       # appear in one language vs. the least-likely language.  Dashes
       # indicate the least-likely language (and zero points) for each token.
-      def dump_all_tokens(tokens, languages)
+      def debug_dump_all_tokens(tokens, languages)
         maxlen = tokens.map { |tok| tok.size }.max
-        
+
         printf "%#{maxlen}s", ""
         puts "    #" + languages.map { |lang| sprintf("%10s", lang) }.join
-        
-        tokmap = Hash.new(0)
-        tokens.each { |tok| tokmap[tok] += 1 }
-        
-        tokmap.sort.each { |tok, count|
+
+        token_map = Hash.new(0)
+        tokens.each { |tok| token_map[tok] += 1 }
+
+        token_map.sort.each { |tok, count|
           arr = languages.map { |lang| [lang, token_probability(tok, lang)] }
           min = arr.map { |a,b| b }.min
           minlog = Math.log(min)
           if !arr.inject(true) { |result, n| result && n[1] == arr[0][1] }
             printf "%#{maxlen}s%5d", tok, count
-            
+
             puts arr.map { |ent|
               ent[1] == min ? "         -" : sprintf("%10.3f", count * (Math.log(ent[1]) - minlog))
             }.join

lib/linguist/generated.rb

@@ -58,7 +58,12 @@ module Linguist
         generated_parser? ||
         generated_net_docfile? ||
         generated_net_designer_file? ||
-        generated_protocol_buffer?
+        generated_postscript? ||
+        generated_protocol_buffer? ||
+        generated_jni_header? ||
+        composer_lock? ||
+        node_modules? ||
+        vcr_cassette?
     end
 
     # Internal: Is the blob an XCode project file?
@@ -73,14 +78,16 @@ module Linguist
 
     # Internal: Is the blob minified files?
     #
-    # Consider a file minified if it contains more than 5% spaces.
+    # Consider a file minified if the average line length is
+    # greater then 110c.
+    #
     # Currently, only JS and CSS files are detected by this method.
     #
     # Returns true or false.
     def minified_files?
       return unless ['.js', '.css'].include? extname
-      if data && data.length > 200
-        (data.each_char.count{ |c| c <= ' ' } / data.length.to_f) < 0.05
+      if lines.any?
+        (lines.inject(0) { |n, l| n += l.length } / lines.length) > 110
       else
         false
       end
@@ -171,6 +178,29 @@ module Linguist
       false
     end
 
+    # Internal: Is the blob of PostScript generated?
+    #
+    # PostScript files are often generated by other programs. If they tell us so,
+    # we can detect them.
+    #
+    # Returns true or false.
+    def generated_postscript?
+      return false unless ['.ps', '.eps'].include? extname
+
+      # We analyze the "%%Creator:" comment, which contains the author/generator
+      # of the file. If there is one, it should be in one of the first few lines.
+      creator = lines[0..9].find {|line| line =~ /^%%Creator: /}
+      return false if creator.nil?
+
+      # Most generators write their version number, while human authors' or companies'
+      # names don't contain numbers. So look if the line contains digits. Also
+      # look for some special cases without version numbers.
+      return creator =~ /[0-9]/ ||
+        creator.include?("mpage") ||
+        creator.include?("draw") ||
+        creator.include?("ImageMagick")
+    end
+
     # Internal: Is the blob a C++, Java or Python source file generated by the
     # Protocol Buffer compiler?
     #
@@ -181,5 +211,40 @@ module Linguist
 
       return lines[0].include?("Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!")
     end
+
+    # Internal: Is the blob a C/C++ header generated by the Java JNI tool javah?
+    #
+    # Returns true of false.
+    def generated_jni_header?
+      return false unless extname == '.h'
+      return false unless lines.count > 2
+
+      return lines[0].include?("/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */") &&
+               lines[1].include?("#include <jni.h>")
+    end
+
+    # Internal: Is the blob part of node_modules/, which are not meant for humans in pull requests.
+    #
+    # Returns true or false.
+    def node_modules?
+      !!name.match(/node_modules\//)
+    end
+
+    # Internal: Is the blob a generated php composer lock file?
+    #
+    # Returns true or false.
+    def composer_lock?
+      !!name.match(/composer.lock/)
+    end
+
+    # Is the blob a VCR Cassette file?
+    #
+    # Returns true or false
+    def vcr_cassette?
+      return false unless extname == '.yml'
+      return false unless lines.count > 2
+      # VCR Cassettes have "recorded_with: VCR" in the second last line.
+      return lines[-2].include?("recorded_with: VCR")
+    end
   end
 end

lib/linguist/heuristics.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+module Linguist
+  # A collection of simple heuristics that can be used to better analyze languages.
+  class Heuristics
+    ACTIVE = false
+
+    # Public: Given an array of String language names,
+    # apply heuristics against the given data and return an array
+    # of matching languages, or nil.
+    #
+    # data      - Array of tokens or String data to analyze.
+    # languages - Array of language name Strings to restrict to.
+    #
+    # Returns an array of Languages or []
+    def self.find_by_heuristics(data, languages)
+      if active?
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["Objective-C", "C++"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_c(data, languages)
+        end
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["Perl", "Prolog"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_pl(data, languages)
+        end
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["ECL", "Prolog"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_ecl(data, languages)
+        end
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["TypeScript", "XML"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_ts(data, languages)
+        end
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["Common Lisp", "OpenCL"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_cl(data, languages)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # .h extensions are ambigious between C, C++, and Objective-C.
+    # We want to shortcut look for Objective-C _and_ now C++ too!
+    #
+    # Returns an array of Languages or []
+    def self.disambiguate_c(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      matches << Language["Objective-C"] if data.include?("@interface")
+      matches << Language["C++"] if data.include?("#include <cstdint>")
+      matches
+    end
+
+    def self.disambiguate_pl(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      matches << Language["Prolog"] if data.include?(":-")
+      matches << Language["Perl"] if data.include?("use strict")
+      matches
+    end
+
+    def self.disambiguate_ecl(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      matches << Language["Prolog"] if data.include?(":-")
+      matches << Language["ECL"] if data.include?(":=")
+      matches
+    end
+
+    def self.disambiguate_ts(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      if (data.include?("</translation>"))
+        matches << Language["XML"]
+      else
+        matches << Language["TypeScript"]
+      end
+      matches
+    end
+
+    def self.disambiguate_cl(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      matches << Language["Common Lisp"] if data.include?("(defun ")
+      matches << Language["OpenCL"] if /\/\* |\/\/ |^\}/.match(data)
+      matches
+    end
+
+    def self.active?
+      !!ACTIVE
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/linguist/language.rb

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 require 'escape_utils'
 require 'pygments'
 require 'yaml'
+begin
+  require 'json'
+rescue LoadError
+end
 
 require 'linguist/classifier'
+require 'linguist/heuristics'
 require 'linguist/samples'
 
 module Linguist
@@ -17,17 +22,27 @@ module Linguist
     @alias_index     = {}
 
     @extension_index          = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    @interpreter_index        = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     @filename_index           = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     @primary_extension_index  = {}
 
     # Valid Languages types
-    TYPES = [:data, :markup, :programming]
+    TYPES = [:data, :markup, :programming, :prose]
 
     # Names of non-programming languages that we will still detect
     #
     # Returns an array
     def self.detectable_markup
-      ["AsciiDoc", "CSS", "Creole", "Less", "Markdown", "MediaWiki", "Org", "RDoc", "Sass", "Textile", "reStructuredText"]
+      ["CSS", "Less", "Sass", "SCSS", "Stylus", "TeX"]
+    end
+
+    # Detect languages by a specific type
+    #
+    # type - A symbol that exists within TYPES
+    #
+    # Returns an array
+    def self.by_type(type)
+      all.select { |h| h.type == type }
     end
 
     # Internal: Create a new Language object
@@ -71,6 +86,10 @@ module Linguist
 
       @primary_extension_index[language.primary_extension] = language
 
+      language.interpreters.each do |interpreter|
+        @interpreter_index[interpreter] << language
+      end
+
       language.filenames.each do |filename|
         @filename_index[filename] << language
       end
@@ -95,16 +114,32 @@ module Linguist
         name += ".script!"
       end
 
+      # First try to find languages that match based on filename.
       possible_languages = find_by_filename(name)
 
+      # If there is more than one possible language with that extension (or no
+      # extension at all, in the case of extensionless scripts), we need to continue
+      # our detection work
       if possible_languages.length > 1
         data = data.call() if data.respond_to?(:call)
+        possible_language_names = possible_languages.map(&:name)
+
+        # Don't bother with emptiness
         if data.nil? || data == ""
           nil
-        elsif result = Classifier.classify(Samples::DATA, data, possible_languages.map(&:name)).first
-          Language[result[0]]
+        # Check if there's a shebang line and use that as authoritative
+        elsif (result = find_by_shebang(data)) && !result.empty?
+          result.first
+        # No shebang. Still more work to do. Try to find it with our heuristics.
+        elsif (determined = Heuristics.find_by_heuristics(data, possible_language_names)) && !determined.empty?
+          determined.first
+        # Lastly, fall back to the probablistic classifier.
+        elsif classified = Classifier.classify(Samples::DATA, data, possible_language_names ).first
+          # Return the actual Language object based of the string language name (i.e., first element of `#classify`)
+          Language[classified[0]]
         end
       else
+        # Simplest and most common case, we can just return the one match based on extension
         possible_languages.first
       end
     end
@@ -162,6 +197,20 @@ module Linguist
       langs.compact.uniq
     end
 
+    # Public: Look up Languages by shebang line.
+    #
+    # data - Array of tokens or String data to analyze.
+    #
+    # Examples
+    #
+    #   Language.find_by_shebang("#!/bin/bash\ndate;")
+    #   # => [#<Language name="Bash">]
+    #
+    # Returns the matching Language
+    def self.find_by_shebang(data)
+      @interpreter_index[Linguist.interpreter_from_shebang(data)]
+    end
+
     # Public: Look up Language by its name or lexer.
     #
     # name - The String name of the Language
@@ -247,6 +296,7 @@ module Linguist
 
       # Set extensions or default to [].
       @extensions = attributes[:extensions] || []
+      @interpreters = attributes[:interpreters]   || []
       @filenames  = attributes[:filenames]  || []
 
       unless @primary_extension = attributes[:primary_extension]
@@ -359,6 +409,15 @@ module Linguist
     # Returns the extension String.
     attr_reader :primary_extension
 
+    # Public: Get interpreters
+    #
+    # Examples
+    #
+    #   # => ['awk', 'gawk', 'mawk' ...]
+    #
+    # Returns the interpreters Array
+    attr_reader :interpreters
+
     # Public: Get filenames
     #
     # Examples
@@ -452,11 +511,22 @@ module Linguist
   end
 
   extensions = Samples::DATA['extnames']
+  interpreters = Samples::DATA['interpreters']
   filenames = Samples::DATA['filenames']
   popular = YAML.load_file(File.expand_path("../popular.yml", __FILE__))
 
-  YAML.load_file(File.expand_path("../languages.yml", __FILE__)).each do |name, options|
+  languages_yml = File.expand_path("../languages.yml", __FILE__)
+  languages_json = File.expand_path("../languages.json", __FILE__)
+
+  if File.exist?(languages_json) && defined?(JSON)
+    languages = JSON.load(File.read(languages_json))
+  else
+    languages = YAML.load_file(languages_yml)
+  end
+
+  languages.each do |name, options|
     options['extensions'] ||= []
+    options['interpreters'] ||= []
     options['filenames'] ||= []
 
     if extnames = extensions[name]
@@ -467,6 +537,18 @@ module Linguist
       end
     end
 
+    if interpreters == nil
+      interpreters = {}
+    end
+
+    if interpreter_names = interpreters[name]
+      interpreter_names.each do |interpreter|
+        if !options['interpreters'].include?(interpreter)
+          options['interpreters'] << interpreter
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     if fns = filenames[name]
       fns.each do |filename|
         if !options['filenames'].include?(filename)
@@ -487,6 +569,7 @@ module Linguist
       :searchable        => options.key?('searchable') ? options['searchable'] : true,
       :search_term       => options['search_term'],
       :extensions        => options['extensions'].sort,
+      :interpreters      => options['interpreters'].sort,
       :primary_extension => options['primary_extension'],
       :filenames         => options['filenames'],
       :popular           => popular.include?(name)

lib/linguist/repository.rb

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module Linguist
       @computed_stats = false
       @language = @size = nil
       @sizes = Hash.new { 0 }
+      @file_breakdown = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = Array.new }
     end
 
     # Public: Returns a breakdown of language stats.
@@ -60,6 +61,12 @@ module Linguist
       @size
     end
 
+    # Public: Return the language breakdown of this repository by file
+    def breakdown_by_file
+      compute_stats
+      @file_breakdown
+    end
+
     # Internal: Compute language breakdown for each blob in the Repository.
     #
     # Returns nothing
@@ -75,6 +82,10 @@ module Linguist
 
         # Only include programming languages and acceptable markup languages
         if blob.language.type == :programming || Language.detectable_markup.include?(blob.language.name)
+
+          # Build up the per-file breakdown stats
+          @file_breakdown[blob.language.group.name] << blob.name
+
           @sizes[blob.language.group] += blob.size
         end
       end

lib/linguist/samples.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-require 'yaml'
+begin
+  require 'json'
+rescue LoadError
+  require 'yaml'
+end
 
 require 'linguist/md5'
 require 'linguist/classifier'
@@ -14,7 +18,8 @@ module Linguist
 
     # Hash of serialized samples object
     if File.exist?(PATH)
-      DATA = YAML.load_file(PATH)
+      serializer = defined?(JSON) ? JSON : YAML
+      DATA = serializer.load(File.read(PATH))
     end
 
     # Public: Iterate over each sample.
@@ -52,6 +57,7 @@ module Linguist
             yield({
               :path     => File.join(dirname, filename),
               :language => category,
+              :interpreter => File.exist?(filename) ? Linguist.interpreter_from_shebang(File.read(filename)) : nil,
               :extname  => File.extname(filename)
             })
           end
@@ -67,6 +73,7 @@ module Linguist
     def self.data
       db = {}
       db['extnames'] = {}
+      db['interpreters'] = {}
       db['filenames'] = {}
 
       each do |sample|
@@ -80,6 +87,14 @@ module Linguist
           end
         end
 
+        if sample[:interpreter]
+          db['interpreters'][language_name] ||= []
+          if !db['interpreters'][language_name].include?(sample[:interpreter])
+            db['interpreters'][language_name] << sample[:interpreter]
+            db['interpreters'][language_name].sort!
+          end
+        end
+
         if sample[:filename]
           db['filenames'][language_name] ||= []
           db['filenames'][language_name] << sample[:filename]
@@ -95,4 +110,40 @@ module Linguist
       db
     end
   end
+
+  # Used to retrieve the interpreter from the shebang line of a file's
+  # data.
+  def self.interpreter_from_shebang(data)
+    lines = data.lines.to_a
+
+    if lines.any? && (match = lines[0].match(/(.+)\n?/)) && (bang = match[0]) =~ /^#!/
+      bang.sub!(/^#! /, '#!')
+      tokens = bang.split(' ')
+      pieces = tokens.first.split('/')
+
+      if pieces.size > 1
+        script = pieces.last
+      else
+        script = pieces.first.sub('#!', '')
+      end
+
+      script = script == 'env' ? tokens[1] : script
+
+      # "python2.6" -> "python"
+      if script =~ /((?:\d+\.?)+)/
+        script.sub! $1, ''
+      end
+
+      # Check for multiline shebang hacks that call `exec`
+      if script == 'sh' &&
+        lines[0...5].any? { |l| l.match(/exec (\w+).+\$0.+\$@/) }
+        script = $1
+      end
+
+      script
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
 end

lib/linguist/vendor.yml

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 # Caches
 - cache/
 
+# Dependencies
+- ^[Dd]ependencies/
+
 # C deps
 #  https://github.com/joyent/node
 - ^deps/
@@ -24,15 +27,29 @@
 # Node dependencies
 - node_modules/
 
+# Bower Components
+- bower_components/
+
 # Erlang bundles
 - ^rebar$
 
+# Bootstrap minified css and js
+- (^|/)bootstrap([^.]*)(\.min)?\.(js|css)$
+
+# Foundation css
+- foundation.min.css
+- foundation.css
+
 # Vendored dependencies
-- vendor/
+- thirdparty/
+- vendors?/
 
 # Debian packaging
 - ^debian/
 
+# Haxelib projects often contain a neko bytecode file named run.n
+- run.n$
+
 ## Commonly Bundled JavaScript frameworks ##
 
 # jQuery
@@ -49,6 +66,9 @@
 - (^|/)controls\.js$
 - (^|/)dragdrop\.js$
 
+# Typescript definition files
+- (.*?)\.d\.ts$
+
 # MooTools
 - (^|/)mootools([^.]*)\d+\.\d+.\d+([^.]*)\.js$
 
@@ -75,6 +95,9 @@
 - (^|/)shCore\.js$
 - (^|/)shLegacy\.js$
 
+# AngularJS
+- (^|/)angular([^.]*)(\.min)?\.js$
+
 ## Python ##
 
 # django
@@ -86,12 +109,21 @@
 # WAF
 - ^waf$
 
+# .osx
+- ^.osx$
 
 ## Obj-C ##
 
 # Sparkle
 - (^|/)Sparkle/
 
+## Groovy ##
+
+# Gradle
+- (^|/)gradlew$
+- (^|/)gradlew\.bat$
+- (^|/)gradle/wrapper/
+
 ## .NET ##
 
 # Visual Studio IntelliSense
@@ -108,14 +140,30 @@
 - ^[Pp]ackages/
 
 # ExtJS
-- (^|/)extjs/
+- (^|/)extjs/.*?\.js$
+- (^|/)extjs/.*?\.xml$
+- (^|/)extjs/.*?\.txt$
+- (^|/)extjs/.*?\.html$
+- (^|/)extjs/.*?\.properties$
+- (^|/)extjs/.sencha/
+- (^|/)extjs/docs/
+- (^|/)extjs/builds/
+- (^|/)extjs/cmd/
+- (^|/)extjs/examples/
+- (^|/)extjs/locale/
+- (^|/)extjs/packages/
+- (^|/)extjs/plugins/
+- (^|/)extjs/resources/
+- (^|/)extjs/src/
+- (^|/)extjs/welcome/
 
 # Samples folders
 - ^[Ss]amples/
 
 # LICENSE, README, git config files
 - ^COPYING$
-- ^LICENSE$
+- LICENSE$
+- License$
 - gitattributes$
 - gitignore$
 - gitmodules$
@@ -125,5 +173,12 @@
 # Test fixtures
 - ^[Tt]est/fixtures/
 
+# PhoneGap/Cordova
+- (^|/)cordova([^.]*)(\.min)?\.js$
+- (^|/)cordova\-\d\.\d(\.\d)?(\.min)?\.js$
+
+# Vagrant
+- ^Vagrantfile$
+
 # .DS_Store's
 - .[Dd][Ss]_[Ss]tore$

samples/ATS/CoYonedaLemma.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2014-01
+// CoYoneda Lemma:
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+#include
+"share/atspre_staload.hats"
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload
+"libats/ML/SATS/basis.sats"
+staload
+"libats/ML/SATS/list0.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload _ = "libats/ML/DATS/list0.dats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+sortdef ftype = type -> type
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+infixr (->) ->>
+typedef ->> (a:type, b:type) = a -<cloref1> b
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+functor(F:ftype) =
+  {a,b:type} (a ->> b) ->> F(a) ->> F(b)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+list0 (a:type) = list0 (a)
+extern
+val functor_list0 : functor (list0)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+functor_list0{a,b}
+  (f) = lam xs => list0_map<a><b> (xs, f)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+datatype
+CoYoneda
+ (F:ftype, r:type) = {a:type} CoYoneda of (a ->> r, F(a))
+// end of [CoYoneda]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+extern
+fun CoYoneda_phi
+  : {F:ftype}functor(F) -> {r:type} (F (r) ->> CoYoneda (F, r))
+extern
+fun CoYoneda_psi
+  : {F:ftype}functor(F) -> {r:type} (CoYoneda (F, r) ->> F (r))
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+CoYoneda_phi(ftor) = lam (fx) => CoYoneda (lam x => x, fx)
+implement
+CoYoneda_psi(ftor) = lam (CoYoneda(f, fx)) => ftor (f) (fx)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+datatype int0 = I of (int)
+datatype bool = True | False // boxed boolean
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun bool2string
+  (x:bool): string =
+(
+  case+ x of True() => "True" | False() => "False"
+)
+//
+implement
+fprint_val<bool> (out, x) = fprint (out, bool2string(x))
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun int2bool (i: int0): bool =
+  let val+I(i) = i in if i > 0 then True else False end
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+val myintlist0 = g0ofg1($list{int0}((I)1, (I)0, (I)1, (I)0, (I)0))
+val myboolist0 = CoYoneda{list0,bool}{int0}(lam (i) => int2bool(i), myintlist0)
+val myboolist0 = CoYoneda_psi{list0}(functor_list0){bool}(myboolist0)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+val ((*void*)) = fprintln! (stdout_ref, "myboolist0 = ", myboolist0)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement main0 () = ()
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [CoYonedaLemma.dats] *)

samples/ATS/DiningPhil2.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-11
+//
+// Implementing a variant of
+// the problem of Dining Philosophers
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+#include
+"share/atspre_define.hats"
+#include
+"share/atspre_staload.hats"
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload
+UN = "prelude/SATS/unsafe.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "libc/SATS/stdlib.sats"
+staload "libc/SATS/unistd.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/SATS/channel.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload _ = "libats/DATS/deqarray.dats"
+staload _ = "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/DATS/channel.dats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "./DiningPhil2.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement phil_left (n) = n
+implement phil_right (n) = (n+1) \nmod NPHIL
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+extern
+fun randsleep (n: intGte(1)): void
+//
+implement
+randsleep (n) =
+  ignoret (sleep($UN.cast{uInt}(rand() mod n + 1)))
+// end of [randsleep]
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+phil_think (n) =
+{
+val () = println! ("phil_think(", n, ") starts")
+val () = randsleep (6)
+val () = println! ("phil_think(", n, ") finishes")
+}
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+phil_dine (n, lf, rf) =
+{
+val () = println! ("phil_dine(", n, ") starts")
+val () = randsleep (3)
+val () = println! ("phil_dine(", n, ") finishes")
+}
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+phil_loop (n) = let
+//
+val () = phil_think (n)
+//
+val nl = phil_left (n)
+val nr = phil_right (n)
+//
+val ch_lfork = fork_changet (nl)
+val ch_rfork = fork_changet (nr)
+//
+val lf = channel_takeout (ch_lfork)
+val () = println! ("phil_loop(", n, ") picks left fork")
+//
+val () = randsleep (2) // HX: try to actively induce deadlock
+//
+val rf = channel_takeout (ch_rfork)
+val () = println! ("phil_loop(", n, ") picks right fork")
+//
+val () = phil_dine (n, lf, rf)
+//
+val ch_forktray = forktray_changet ()
+val () = channel_insert (ch_forktray, lf)
+val () = channel_insert (ch_forktray, rf)
+//
+in
+  phil_loop (n)
+end // end of [phil_loop]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+cleaner_wash (f) =
+{
+val f = fork_get_num (f)
+val () = println! ("cleaner_wash(", f, ") starts")
+val () = randsleep (1)
+val () = println! ("cleaner_wash(", f, ") finishes")
+}
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+cleaner_return (f) =
+{
+  val n = fork_get_num (f)
+  val ch = fork_changet (n)
+  val () = channel_insert (ch, f)
+}
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+cleaner_loop () = let
+//
+val ch = forktray_changet ()
+val f0 = channel_takeout (ch)
+//
+val () = cleaner_wash (f0)
+val () = cleaner_return (f0)
+//
+in
+  cleaner_loop ()
+end // end of [cleaner_loop]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+dynload "DiningPhil2.sats"
+dynload "DiningPhil2_fork.dats"
+dynload "DiningPhil2_thread.dats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+local
+//
+staload
+"{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/SATS/mythread.sats"
+//
+in (* in of [local] *)
+//
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => phil_loop (0))
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => phil_loop (1))
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => phil_loop (2))
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => phil_loop (3))
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => phil_loop (4))
+//
+val () = mythread_create_cloptr (llam () => cleaner_loop ())
+//
+end // end of [local]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+main0 () =
+{
+//
+val () = println! ("DiningPhil2: starting")
+val ((*void*)) = while (true) ignoret (sleep(1))
+//
+} (* end of [main0] *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [DiningPhil2.dats] *)

samples/ATS/DiningPhil2.sats

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-11
+//
+// Implementing a variant of
+// the problem of Dining Philosophers
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+#include
+"share/atspre_define.hats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/SATS/channel.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+%{#
+#define NPHIL 5
+%} // end of [%{#]
+#define NPHIL 5
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef nphil = natLt(NPHIL)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun phil_left (n: nphil): nphil
+fun phil_right (n: nphil): nphil
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun phil_loop (n: nphil): void
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun cleaner_loop ((*void*)): void
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+absvtype fork_vtype = ptr
+vtypedef fork = fork_vtype
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun fork_get_num (!fork): nphil
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun phil_dine
+  (n: nphil, lf: !fork, rf: !fork): void
+// end of [phil_dine]
+
+fun phil_think (n: nphil): void
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun cleaner_wash (f: !fork): void
+fun cleaner_return (f: fork): void
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun fork_changet (n: nphil): channel(fork)
+//
+fun forktray_changet ((*void*)): channel(fork)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [DiningPhil2.sats] *)

samples/ATS/DiningPhil2_fork.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-11
+//
+// Implementing a variant of
+// the problem of Dining Philosophers
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+#include
+"share/atspre_define.hats"
+#include
+"share/atspre_staload.hats"
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload
+UN = "prelude/SATS/unsafe.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/SATS/channel.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload _ = "libats/DATS/deqarray.dats"
+staload _ = "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/DATS/channel.dats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "./DiningPhil2.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+datavtype fork = FORK of (nphil)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+assume fork_vtype = fork
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+fork_get_num (f) = let val FORK(n) = f in n end
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+local
+
+val
+the_forkarray = let
+//
+typedef t = channel(fork)
+//
+implement
+array_tabulate$fopr<t>
+  (n) = ch where
+{
+  val n = $UN.cast{nphil}(n)
+  val ch = channel_create_exn<fork> (i2sz(2))
+  val () = channel_insert (ch, FORK (n))
+}
+//
+in
+  arrayref_tabulate<t> (i2sz(NPHIL))
+end // end of [val]
+
+in (* in of [local] *)
+
+implement fork_changet (n) = the_forkarray[n]
+
+end // end of [local]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+local
+
+val the_forktray =
+  channel_create_exn<fork> (i2sz(NPHIL+1))
+
+in (* in of [local] *)
+
+implement forktray_changet () = the_forktray
+
+end // end of [local]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [DiningPhil2_fork.dats] *)

samples/ATS/DiningPhil2_thread.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-11
+//
+// Implementing a variant of
+// the problem of Dining Philosophers
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+#include "share/atspre_define.hats"
+#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/SATS/mythread.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+local
+//
+#include "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/DATS/mythread.dats"
+//
+in (* in of [local] *)
+//
+// HX: it is intentionally left to be empty
+//
+end // end of [local]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+local
+//
+#include "{$LIBATSHWXI}/teaching/mythread/DATS/mythread_posix.dats"
+//
+in (* in of [local] *)
+//
+// HX: it is intentionally left to be empty
+//
+end // end of [local]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [DiningPhil2_thread.dats] *)

samples/ATS/YonedaLemma.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2014-01
+// Yoneda Lemma:
+// The hardest "trivial" theorem :)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+#include
+"share/atspre_staload.hats"
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload
+"libats/ML/SATS/basis.sats"
+staload
+"libats/ML/SATS/list0.sats"
+staload
+"libats/ML/SATS/option0.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload _ = "libats/ML/DATS/list0.dats"
+staload _ = "libats/ML/DATS/option0.dats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+sortdef ftype = type -> type
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+infixr (->) ->>
+typedef ->> (a:type, b:type) = a -<cloref1> b
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+functor(F:ftype) =
+  {a,b:type} (a ->> b) ->> F(a) ->> F(b)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+list0 (a:type) = list0 (a)
+extern
+val functor_list0 : functor (list0)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+functor_list0{a,b}
+  (f) = lam xs => list0_map<a><b> (xs, f)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+option0 (a:type) = option0 (a)  
+extern
+val functor_option0 : functor (option0)
+  
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+functor_option0{a,b}
+  (f) = lam opt => option0_map<a><b> (opt, f)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+extern
+val functor_homres
+  : {c:type} functor (lam(r:type) => c ->> r)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+functor_homres{c}{a,b} (f) = lam (r) => lam (x) => f (r(x))
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+extern
+fun Yoneda_phi : {F:ftype}functor(F) ->
+  {a:type}F(a) ->> ({r:type}(a ->> r) ->> F(r))
+extern
+fun Yoneda_psi : {F:ftype}functor(F) ->
+  {a:type}({r:type}(a ->> r) ->> F(r)) ->> F(a)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+implement
+Yoneda_phi
+  (ftor) = lam(fx) => lam (m) => ftor(m)(fx)
+//
+implement
+Yoneda_psi (ftor) = lam(mf) => mf(lam x => x)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(*
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2014-01-05:
+// Another version based on Natural Transformation
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+typedef
+natrans(F:ftype, G:ftype) = {x:type} (F(x) ->> G(x))
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+extern
+fun Yoneda_phi_nat : {F:ftype}functor(F) ->
+  {a:type} F(a) ->> natrans(lam (r:type) => (a ->> r), F)
+extern
+fun Yoneda_psi_nat : {F:ftype}functor(F) ->
+  {a:type} natrans(lam (r:type) => (a ->> r), F) ->> F(a)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+implement
+Yoneda_phi_nat
+  (ftor) = lam(fx) => lam (m) => ftor(m)(fx)
+//
+implement
+Yoneda_psi_nat (ftor) = lam(mf) => mf(lam x => x)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+*)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+datatype bool = True | False // boxed boolean
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun bool2string
+  (x:bool): string =
+(
+  case+ x of True() => "True" | False() => "False"
+)
+//
+implement
+fprint_val<bool> (out, x) = fprint (out, bool2string(x))
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+val myboolist0 =
+  $list_t{bool}(True, False, True, False, False)
+val myboolist0 = g0ofg1_list (myboolist0)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+extern
+val Yoneda_bool_list0 : {r:type} (bool ->> r) ->> list0(r)
+//
+implement
+Yoneda_bool_list0 =
+  Yoneda_phi(functor_list0){bool}(myboolist0)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+val myboolist1 =
+  Yoneda_psi(functor_list0){bool}(Yoneda_bool_list0)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+val () = fprintln! (stdout_ref, "myboolist0 = ", myboolist0)
+val () = fprintln! (stdout_ref, "myboolist1 = ", myboolist1)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement main0 () = ()
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [YonedaLemma.dats] *)

samples/ATS/linset.hats

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+(***********************************************************************)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(*                         Applied Type System                         *)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(***********************************************************************)
+
+(*
+** ATS/Postiats - Unleashing the Potential of Types!
+** Copyright (C) 2011-2013 Hongwei Xi, ATS Trustful Software, Inc.
+** All rights reserved
+**
+** ATS is free software;  you can  redistribute it and/or modify it under
+** the terms of  the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) as published by the
+** Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at  your  option)  any
+** later version.
+** 
+** ATS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+** WARRANTY; without  even  the  implied  warranty  of MERCHANTABILITY or
+** FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the  GNU General Public License
+** for more details.
+** 
+** You  should  have  received  a  copy of the GNU General Public License
+** along  with  ATS;  see the  file COPYING.  If not, please write to the
+** Free Software Foundation,  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+** 02110-1301, USA.
+*)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* Author: Hongwei Xi *)
+(* Authoremail: hwxi AT cs DOT bu DOT edu *)
+(* Start time: December, 2012 *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX: shared by linset_listord (* ordered list *)
+// HX: shared by linset_avltree (* AVL-tree-based *)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-02:
+// for sets of nonlinear elements
+//
+absvtype set_vtype (a:t@ype+) = ptr
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+vtypedef set (a:t0p) = set_vtype (a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+compare_elt_elt (x1: a, x2: a):<> int
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{} linset_nil{a:t0p} ():<> set(a)
+fun{} linset_make_nil{a:t0p} ():<> set(a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p} linset_sing (x: a):<!wrt> set(a)
+fun{a:t0p} linset_make_sing (x: a):<!wrt> set(a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_make_list (xs: List(INV(a))):<!wrt> set(a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{}
+linset_is_nil {a:t0p} (xs: !set(INV(a))):<> bool
+fun{}
+linset_isnot_nil {a:t0p} (xs: !set(INV(a))):<> bool
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p} linset_size (!set(INV(a))): size_t
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_is_member (xs: !set(INV(a)), x0: a):<> bool
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_isnot_member (xs: !set(INV(a)), x0: a):<> bool
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_copy (!set(INV(a))):<!wrt> set(a)
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_free (xs: set(INV(a))):<!wrt> void
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_insert
+  (xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _, x0: a):<!wrt> bool
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeout
+(
+  &set(INV(a)) >> _, a, res: &(a?) >> opt(a, b)
+) :<!wrt> #[b:bool] bool(b) // endfun
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeout_opt (&set(INV(a)) >> _, a):<!wrt> Option_vt(a)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_remove
+  (xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _, x0: a):<!wrt> bool
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX: choosing an element in an unspecified manner
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_choose
+(
+  xs: !set(INV(a)), x: &a? >> opt (a, b)
+) :<!wrt> #[b:bool] bool(b)
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_choose_opt (xs: !set(INV(a))):<!wrt> Option_vt(a)
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeoutmax
+(
+  xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _, res: &a? >> opt(a, b)
+) :<!wrt> #[b:bool] bool (b)
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeoutmax_opt (xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _):<!wrt> Option_vt(a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeoutmin
+(
+  xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _, res: &a? >> opt(a, b)
+) :<!wrt> #[b:bool] bool (b)
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeoutmin_opt (xs: &set(INV(a)) >> _):<!wrt> Option_vt(a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun{}
+fprint_linset$sep (FILEref): void // ", "
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+fprint_linset (out: FILEref, xs: !set(INV(a))): void
+//
+overload fprint with fprint_linset
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+fun{
+a:t0p}{env:vt0p
+} linset_foreach$fwork
+  (x: a, env: &(env) >> _): void
+//
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_foreach (set: !set(INV(a))): void
+fun{
+a:t0p}{env:vt0p
+} linset_foreach_env
+  (set: !set(INV(a)), env: &(env) >> _): void
+// end of [linset_foreach_env]
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_listize (xs: set(INV(a))): List0_vt (a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_listize1 (xs: !set(INV(a))): List0_vt (a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [linset.hats] *)

samples/ATS/linset_listord.dats

@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+(***********************************************************************)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(*                         Applied Type System                         *)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(***********************************************************************)
+
+(*
+** ATS/Postiats - Unleashing the Potential of Types!
+** Copyright (C) 2011-2013 Hongwei Xi, ATS Trustful Software, Inc.
+** All rights reserved
+**
+** ATS is free software;  you can  redistribute it and/or modify it under
+** the terms of  the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) as published by the
+** Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at  your  option)  any
+** later version.
+** 
+** ATS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+** WARRANTY; without  even  the  implied  warranty  of MERCHANTABILITY or
+** FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the  GNU General Public License
+** for more details.
+** 
+** You  should  have  received  a  copy of the GNU General Public License
+** along  with  ATS;  see the  file COPYING.  If not, please write to the
+** Free Software Foundation,  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+** 02110-1301, USA.
+*)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* Author: Hongwei Xi *)
+(* Authoremail: hwxi AT cs DOT bu DOT edu *)
+(* Start time: February, 2013 *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX-2013-08:
+// a set is represented as a sorted list in descending order;
+// note that descending order is chosen to faciliate set comparison
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload
+UN = "prelude/SATS/unsafe.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+staload "libats/SATS/linset_listord.sats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+#include "./SHARE/linset.hats" // code reuse
+#include "./SHARE/linset_node.hats" // code reuse
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+assume
+set_vtype (elt:t@ype) = List0_vt (elt)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{}
+linset_nil () = list_vt_nil ()
+implement{}
+linset_make_nil () = list_vt_nil ()
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+linset_sing
+  (x) = list_vt_cons{a}(x, list_vt_nil)
+// end of [linset_sing]
+implement{a}
+linset_make_sing
+  (x) = list_vt_cons{a}(x, list_vt_nil)
+// end of [linset_make_sing]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{}
+linset_is_nil (xs) = list_vt_is_nil (xs)
+implement{}
+linset_isnot_nil (xs) = list_vt_is_cons (xs)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_size (xs) =
+  let val n = list_vt_length(xs) in i2sz(n) end
+// end of [linset_size]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_is_member
+  (xs, x0) = let
+//
+fun aux
+  {n:nat} .<n>.
+(
+  xs: !list_vt (a, n)
+) :<> bool = let
+in
+//
+case+ xs of
+| list_vt_cons (x, xs) => let
+    val sgn = compare_elt_elt<a> (x0, x) in
+    if sgn > 0 then false else (if sgn < 0 then aux (xs) else true)
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil ((*void*)) => false
+//
+end // end of [aux]
+//
+in
+  aux (xs)
+end // end of [linset_is_member]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_copy (xs) = list_vt_copy<a> (xs)
+implement{a}
+linset_free (xs) = list_vt_free<a> (xs)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_insert
+  (xs, x0) = let
+//
+fun
+mynode_cons
+  {n:nat} .<>.
+(
+  nx: mynode1 (a), xs: list_vt (a, n)
+) : list_vt (a, n+1) = let
+//
+val xs1 =
+$UN.castvwtp0{List1_vt(a)}(nx)
+val+@list_vt_cons (_, xs2) = xs1
+prval () = $UN.cast2void (xs2); val () = (xs2 := xs)
+//
+in
+  fold@ (xs1); xs1
+end // end of [mynode_cons]
+//
+fun ins
+  {n:nat} .<n>. // tail-recursive
+(
+  xs: &list_vt (a, n) >> list_vt (a, n1)
+) : #[n1:nat | n <= n1; n1 <= n+1] bool =
+(
+case+ xs of
+| @list_vt_cons
+    (x, xs1) => let
+    val sgn =
+      compare_elt_elt<a> (x0, x)
+    // end of [val]
+  in
+    if sgn > 0 then let
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+      val nx = mynode_make_elt<a> (x0)
+      val ((*void*)) = xs := mynode_cons (nx, xs)
+    in
+      false
+    end else if sgn < 0 then let
+      val ans = ins (xs1)
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      ans
+    end else let // [x0] is found
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      true (* [x0] in [xs] *)
+    end (* end of [if] *)
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil () => let
+    val nx = mynode_make_elt<a> (x0)
+    val ((*void*)) = xs := mynode_cons (nx, xs)
+  in
+    false
+  end // end of [list_vt_nil]
+) (* end of [ins] *)
+//
+in
+  $effmask_all (ins (xs))
+end // end of [linset_insert]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(*
+//
+HX-2013-08:
+[linset_remove] moved up
+//
+implement{a}
+linset_remove
+  (xs, x0) = let
+//
+fun rem
+  {n:nat} .<n>. // tail-recursive
+(
+  xs: &list_vt (a, n) >> list_vt (a, n1)
+) : #[n1:nat | n1 <= n; n <= n1+1] bool =
+(
+case+ xs of
+| @list_vt_cons
+    (x, xs1) => let
+    val sgn =
+      compare_elt_elt<a> (x0, x)
+    // end of [val]
+  in
+    if sgn > 0 then let
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      false
+    end else if sgn < 0 then let
+      val ans = rem (xs1)
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      ans
+    end else let // x0 = x
+      val xs1_ = xs1
+      val ((*void*)) = free@{a}{0}(xs)
+      val () = xs := xs1_
+    in
+      true // [x0] in [xs]
+    end (* end of [if] *)
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil () => false
+) (* end of [rem] *)
+//
+in
+  $effmask_all (rem (xs))
+end // end of [linset_remove]
+*)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+(*
+** By Brandon Barker
+*)
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+linset_choose
+  (xs, x0) = let
+in
+//
+case+ xs of
+| list_vt_cons
+    (x, xs1) => let
+    val () = x0 := x
+    prval () = opt_some{a}(x0)
+  in
+    true
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil () => let
+    prval () = opt_none{a}(x0)
+  in
+    false
+  end // end of [list_vt_nil]
+//
+end // end of [linset_choose]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}{env}
+linset_foreach_env (xs, env) = let
+//
+implement
+list_vt_foreach$fwork<a><env>
+  (x, env) = linset_foreach$fwork<a><env> (x, env)
+//
+in
+  list_vt_foreach_env<a><env> (xs, env)
+end // end of [linset_foreach_env]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_listize (xs) = xs
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{a}
+linset_listize1 (xs) = list_vt_copy (xs)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// HX: functions for processing mynodes
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{
+} mynode_null{a} () =
+  $UN.castvwtp0{mynode(a,null)}(the_null_ptr)
+// end of [mynode_null]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+mynode_make_elt
+  (x) = let
+//
+val nx = list_vt_cons{a}{0}(x, _ )
+//
+in
+  $UN.castvwtp0{mynode1(a)}(nx)
+end // end of [mynode_make_elt]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement{
+} mynode_free
+  {a}(nx) = () where {
+val nx =
+  $UN.castvwtp0{List1_vt(a)}(nx)
+//
+val+~list_vt_cons (_, nx2) = nx
+//
+prval ((*void*)) = $UN.cast2void (nx2)
+//
+} (* end of [mynode_free] *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+mynode_get_elt
+  (nx) = (x) where {
+//
+val nx1 =
+  $UN.castvwtp1{List1_vt(a)}(nx)
+//
+val+list_vt_cons (x, _) = nx1
+//
+prval ((*void*)) = $UN.cast2void (nx1)
+//
+} (* end of [mynode_get_elt] *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+mynode_set_elt
+  {l} (nx, x0) =
+{
+//
+val nx1 =
+  $UN.castvwtp1{List1_vt(a)}(nx)
+//
+val+@list_vt_cons (x, _) = nx1
+//
+val () = x := x0
+//
+prval () = fold@ (nx1)
+prval () = $UN.cast2void (nx1)
+//
+prval () = __assert (nx) where
+{
+  extern praxi __assert (nx: !mynode(a?, l) >> mynode (a, l)): void
+} (* end of [prval] *)
+//
+} (* end of [mynode_set_elt] *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+mynode_getfree_elt
+  (nx) = (x) where {
+//
+val nx =
+  $UN.castvwtp0{List1_vt(a)}(nx)
+//
+val+~list_vt_cons (x, nx2) = nx
+//
+prval ((*void*)) = $UN.cast2void (nx2)
+//
+} (* end of [mynode_getfree_elt] *)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(*
+fun{a:t0p}
+linset_takeout_ngc
+  (set: &set(INV(a)) >> _, x0: a):<!wrt> mynode0 (a)
+// end of [linset_takeout_ngc]
+*)
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+linset_takeout_ngc
+  (set, x0) = let
+//
+fun takeout
+(
+  xs: &List0_vt (a) >> _
+) : mynode0(a) = let
+in
+//
+case+ xs of
+| @list_vt_cons
+    (x, xs1) => let
+    prval pf_x = view@x
+    prval pf_xs1 = view@xs1
+    val sgn =
+      compare_elt_elt<a> (x0, x)
+    // end of [val]
+  in
+    if sgn > 0 then let
+      prval () = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      mynode_null{a}((*void*))
+    end else if sgn < 0 then let
+      val res = takeout (xs1)
+      prval ((*void*)) = fold@ (xs)
+    in
+      res
+    end else let // x0 = x
+      val xs1_ = xs1
+      val res = $UN.castvwtp0{mynode1(a)}((pf_x, pf_xs1 | xs))
+      val () = xs := xs1_
+    in
+      res // [x0] in [xs]
+    end (* end of [if] *)
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil () => mynode_null{a}((*void*))
+//
+end (* end of [takeout] *)
+//
+in
+  $effmask_all (takeout (set))
+end // end of [linset_takeout_ngc]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+linset_takeoutmax_ngc
+  (xs) = let
+in
+//
+case+ xs of
+| @list_vt_cons
+    (x, xs1) => let
+    prval pf_x = view@x
+    prval pf_xs1 = view@xs1
+    val xs_ = xs
+    val () = xs := xs1
+  in
+    $UN.castvwtp0{mynode1(a)}((pf_x, pf_xs1 | xs_))
+  end // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| @list_vt_nil () => let
+    prval () = fold@ (xs)
+  in
+    mynode_null{a}((*void*))
+  end // end of [list_vt_nil]
+//
+end // end of [linset_takeoutmax_ngc]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+implement
+{a}(*tmp*)
+linset_takeoutmin_ngc
+  (xs) = let
+//
+fun unsnoc
+  {n:pos} .<n>.
+(
+  xs: &list_vt (a, n) >> list_vt (a, n-1)
+) :<!wrt> mynode1 (a) = let
+//
+val+@list_vt_cons (x, xs1) = xs
+//
+prval pf_x = view@x and pf_xs1 = view@xs1
+//
+in
+//
+case+ xs1 of
+| list_vt_cons _ =>
+    let val res = unsnoc(xs1) in fold@xs; res end
+  // end of [list_vt_cons]
+| list_vt_nil () => let
+    val xs_ = xs
+    val () = xs := list_vt_nil{a}()
+  in
+    $UN.castvwtp0{mynode1(a)}((pf_x, pf_xs1 | xs_))
+  end // end of [list_vt_nil]
+//
+end // end of [unsnoc]
+//
+in
+//
+case+ xs of
+| list_vt_cons _ => unsnoc (xs)
+| list_vt_nil () => mynode_null{a}((*void*))
+//
+end // end of [linset_takeoutmin_ngc]
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [linset_listord.dats] *)

samples/ATS/linset_listord.sats

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+(***********************************************************************)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(*                         Applied Type System                         *)
+(*                                                                     *)
+(***********************************************************************)
+
+(*
+** ATS/Postiats - Unleashing the Potential of Types!
+** Copyright (C) 2011-2013 Hongwei Xi, ATS Trustful Software, Inc.
+** All rights reserved
+**
+** ATS is free software;  you can  redistribute it and/or modify it under
+** the terms of  the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) as published by the
+** Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at  your  option)  any
+** later version.
+** 
+** ATS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+** WARRANTY; without  even  the  implied  warranty  of MERCHANTABILITY or
+** FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the  GNU General Public License
+** for more details.
+** 
+** You  should  have  received  a  copy of the GNU General Public License
+** along  with  ATS;  see the  file COPYING.  If not, please write to the
+** Free Software Foundation,  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+** 02110-1301, USA.
+*)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+//
+// Author: Hongwei Xi
+// Authoremail: hwxiATcsDOTbuDOTedu
+// Time: October, 2010
+//
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+#define ATS_PACKNAME "ATSLIB.libats.linset_listord"
+#define ATS_STALOADFLAG 0 // no static loading at run-time
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+#include "./SHARE/linset.hats"
+#include "./SHARE/linset_node.hats"
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+castfn
+linset2list {a:t0p} (xs: set (INV(a))):<> List0_vt (a)
+
+(* ****** ****** *)
+
+(* end of [linset_listord.sats] *)

samples/ATS/main.atxt

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+%{
+#include "./../ATEXT/atextfun.hats"
+%}
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+<title>EFFECTIVATS-DiningPhil2</title>
+#patscode_style()
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<h1>
+Effective ATS: Dining Philosophers
+</h1>
+
+In this article, I present an implementation of a slight variant of the
+famous problem of 5-Dining-Philosophers by Dijkstra that makes simple but
+convincing use of linear types.
+
+<h2>
+The Original Problem 
+</h2>
+
+There are five philosophers sitting around a table and there are also 5
+forks placed on the table such that each fork is located between the left
+hand of a philosopher and the right hand of another philosopher. Each
+philosopher does the following routine repeatedly: thinking and dining.  In
+order to dine, a philosopher needs to first acquire two forks: one located
+on his left-hand side and the other on his right-hand side. After
+finishing dining, a philosopher puts the two acquired forks onto the table:
+one on his left-hand side and the other on his right-hand side.
+
+<h2>
+A Variant of the Original Problem 
+</h2>
+
+The following twist is added to the original version:
+
+<p>
+
+After a fork is used, it becomes a "dirty" fork and needs to be put in a
+tray for dirty forks. There is a cleaner who cleans dirty forks and then
+puts them back on the table.
+
+<h2>
+Channels for Communication
+</h2>
+
+A channel is just a shared queue of fixed capacity. The following two
+functions are for inserting an element into and taking an element out of a
+given channel:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_sats("\
+fun{a:vt0p} channel_insert (channel (a), a): void
+fun{a:vt0p} channel_takeout (chan: channel (a)): (a) 
+")</pre>
+
+If [channel_insert] is called on a channel that is full, then the caller is
+blocked until an element is taken out of the channel.  If [channel_takeout]
+is called on a channel that is empty, then the caller is blocked until an
+element is inserted into the channel.
+
+<h2>
+A Channel for Each Fork
+</h2>
+
+Forks are resources given a linear type. Each fork is initially stored in a
+channel, which can be obtained by calling the following function:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_sats("\
+fun fork_changet (n: nphil): channel(fork)
+")</pre>
+
+where the type [nphil] is defined to be [natLt(5)] (for natural numbers
+less than 5). The channels for storing forks are chosen to be of capacity
+2. The reason that channels of capacity 2 are chosen to store at most one
+element (in each of them) is to guarantee that these channels can never be
+full (so that there is no attempt made to send signals to awake callers
+supposedly being blocked due to channels being full).
+
+
+<h2>
+A Channel for the Fork Tray
+</h2>
+
+A tray for storing "dirty" forks is also a channel, which can be obtained
+by calling the following function:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_sats("\
+fun forktray_changet ((*void*)): channel(fork)
+")</pre>
+
+The capacity chosen for the channel is 6 (instead of 5) so that it can
+never become full (as there are only 5 forks in total).
+
+<h2>
+Philosopher Loop
+</h2>
+
+Each philosopher is implemented as a loop:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_dats('\
+implement
+phil_loop (n) = let
+//
+val () = phil_think (n)
+//
+val nl = phil_left (n) // = n
+val nr = phil_right (n) // = (n+1) % 5
+//
+val ch_lfork = fork_changet (nl)
+val ch_rfork = fork_changet (nr)
+//
+val lf = channel_takeout (ch_lfork)
+val () = println! ("phil_loop(", n, ") picks left fork")
+//
+val () = randsleep (2) // sleep up to 2 seconds
+//
+val rf = channel_takeout (ch_rfork)
+val () = println! ("phil_loop(", n, ") picks right fork")
+//
+val () = phil_dine (n, lf, rf)
+//
+val ch_forktray = forktray_changet ()
+val () = channel_insert (ch_forktray, lf) // left fork to dirty tray
+val () = channel_insert (ch_forktray, rf) // right fork to dirty tray
+//
+in
+  phil_loop (n)
+end // end of [phil_loop]
+')</pre>
+
+It should be straighforward to follow the code for [phil_loop].
+
+<h2>
+Fork Cleaner Loop
+</h2>
+
+A cleaner is implemented as a loop:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_dats('\
+implement
+cleaner_loop () = let
+//
+val ch = forktray_changet ()
+val f0 = channel_takeout (ch) // [f0] is dirty
+//
+val () = cleaner_wash (f0) // washes dirty [f0]
+val () = cleaner_return (f0) // puts back cleaned [f0]
+//
+in
+  cleaner_loop ()
+end // end of [cleaner_loop]
+')</pre>
+
+The function [cleaner_return] first finds out the number of a given fork
+and then uses the number to locate the channel for storing the fork. Its
+actual implementation is given as follows:
+
+<pre
+class="patsyntax">
+#pats2xhtml_dats('\
+implement
+cleaner_return (f) =
+{
+  val n = fork_get_num (f)
+  val ch = fork_changet (n)
+  val () = channel_insert (ch, f)
+}
+')</pre>
+
+It should now be straighforward to follow the code for [cleaner_loop].
+
+<h2>
+Testing
+</h2>
+
+The entire code of this implementation is stored in the following files:
+
+<pre>
+DiningPhil2.sats
+DiningPhil2.dats
+DiningPhil2_fork.dats
+DiningPhil2_thread.dats
+</pre>
+
+There is also a Makefile available for compiling the ATS source code into
+an excutable for testing. One should be able to encounter a deadlock after
+running the simulation for a while.
+
+<hr size="2">
+
+This article is written by <a href="http://www.cs.bu.edu/~hwxi/">Hongwei Xi</a>.
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
+%{
+implement main () = fprint_filsub (stdout_ref, "main_atxt.txt")
+%}

samples/Agda/NatCat.agda

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+module NatCat where
+
+open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
+
+-- If you can show that a relation only ever has one inhabitant
+-- you get the category laws for free
+module
+  EasyCategory
+  (obj : Set)
+  (_⟶_ : obj → obj → Set)
+  (_∘_ : ∀ {x y z} → x ⟶ y → y ⟶ z → x ⟶ z)
+  (id : ∀ x → x ⟶ x)
+  (single-inhabitant : (x y : obj) (r s : x ⟶ y) → r ≡ s)
+  where
+
+  idʳ : ∀ x y (r : x ⟶ y) → r ∘ id y ≡ r
+  idʳ x y r = single-inhabitant x y (r ∘ id y) r 
+
+  idˡ : ∀ x y (r : x ⟶ y) → id x ∘ r ≡ r
+  idˡ x y r = single-inhabitant x y (id x ∘ r) r
+
+  ∘-assoc : ∀ w x y z (r : w ⟶ x) (s : x ⟶ y) (t : y ⟶ z) → (r ∘ s) ∘ t ≡ r ∘ (s ∘ t)
+  ∘-assoc w x y z r s t = single-inhabitant w z ((r ∘ s) ∘ t) (r ∘ (s ∘ t))
+
+open import Data.Nat
+
+same : (x y : ℕ) (r s : x ≤ y) → r ≡ s
+same .0 y z≤n z≤n = refl
+same .(suc m) .(suc n) (s≤s {m} {n} r) (s≤s s) = cong s≤s (same m n r s)
+
+≤-trans : ∀ x y z → x ≤ y → y ≤ z → x ≤ z
+≤-trans .0 y z z≤n s = z≤n
+≤-trans .(suc m) .(suc n) .(suc n₁) (s≤s {m} {n} r) (s≤s {.n} {n₁} s) = s≤s (≤-trans m n n₁ r s)
+
+≤-refl : ∀ x → x ≤ x
+≤-refl zero = z≤n
+≤-refl (suc x) = s≤s (≤-refl x)
+
+module Nat-EasyCategory = EasyCategory ℕ _≤_ (λ {x}{y}{z} → ≤-trans x y z) ≤-refl same

samples/BlitzBasic/HalfAndDouble.bb

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+
+Local bk = CreateBank(8)
+PokeFloat bk, 0, -1
+Print Bin(PeekInt(bk, 0))
+Print %1000000000000000
+Print Bin(1 Shl 31)
+Print $1f
+Print $ff
+Print $1f + (127 - 15)
+Print Hex(%01111111100000000000000000000000)
+Print Hex(~%11111111100000000000000000000000)
+
+Print Bin(FloatToHalf(-2.5))
+Print HalfToFloat(FloatToHalf(-200000000000.0))
+
+Print Bin(FToI(-2.5))
+
+WaitKey
+End
+
+
+; Half-precision (16-bit) arithmetic library
+;============================================
+
+Global Half_CBank_
+
+Function FToI(f#)
+	If Half_CBank_ = 0 Then Half_CBank_ = CreateBank(4)
+	PokeFloat Half_CBank_, 0, f
+	Return PeekInt(Half_CBank_, 0)
+End Function
+
+Function HalfToFloat#(h)
+	Local signBit, exponent, fraction, fBits
+	
+	signBit = (h And 32768) <> 0
+	exponent = (h And %0111110000000000) Shr 10
+	fraction = (h And %0000001111111111)
+	
+	If exponent = $1F Then exponent = $FF : ElseIf exponent Then exponent = (exponent - 15) + 127
+	fBits = (signBit Shl 31) Or (exponent Shl 23) Or (fraction Shl 13)
+	
+	If Half_CBank_ = 0 Then Half_CBank_ = CreateBank(4)
+	PokeInt Half_CBank_, 0, fBits
+	Return PeekFloat(Half_CBank_, 0)
+End Function
+
+Function FloatToHalf(f#)
+	Local signBit, exponent, fraction, fBits
+	
+	If Half_CBank_ = 0 Then Half_CBank_ = CreateBank(4)
+	PokeFloat Half_CBank_, 0, f
+	fBits = PeekInt(Half_CBank_, 0)
+	
+	signBit = (fBits And (1 Shl 31)) <> 0
+	exponent = (fBits And $7F800000) Shr 23
+	fraction = fBits And $007FFFFF
+	
+	If exponent
+		exponent = exponent - 127
+		If Abs(exponent) > $1F
+			If exponent <> ($FF - 127) Then fraction = 0
+			exponent = $1F * Sgn(exponent)
+		Else
+			exponent = exponent + 15
+		EndIf
+		exponent = exponent And %11111
+	EndIf
+	fraction = fraction Shr 13
+	
+	Return (signBit Shl 15) Or (exponent Shl 10) Or fraction
+End Function
+
+Function HalfAdd(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function HalfSub(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function HalfMul(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function HalfDiv(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function HalfLT(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function HalfGT(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+
+; Double-precision (64-bit) arithmetic library)
+;===============================================
+
+Global DoubleOut[1], Double_CBank_
+
+Function DoubleToFloat#(d[1])
+	
+End Function
+
+Function FloatToDouble(f#)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function IntToDouble(i)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function SefToDouble(s, e, f)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleAdd(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleSub(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleMul(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleDiv(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleLT(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+Function DoubleGT(l, r)
+	
+End Function
+
+
+;~IDEal Editor Parameters:
+;~F#1A#20#2F
+;~C#Blitz3D

samples/BlitzBasic/LList.bb

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+
+; Double-linked list container class
+;====================================
+
+; with thanks to MusicianKool, for concept and issue fixes
+
+
+Type LList
+	Field head_.ListNode
+	Field tail_.ListNode
+End Type
+
+Type ListNode
+	Field pv_.ListNode
+	Field nx_.ListNode
+	Field Value
+End Type
+
+Type Iterator
+	Field Value
+	Field l_.LList
+	Field cn_.ListNode, cni_
+End Type
+
+
+;Create a new LList object
+Function CreateList.LList()
+	Local l.LList = New LList
+	
+	l\head_ = New ListNode
+	l\tail_ = New ListNode
+	
+	l\head_\nx_ = l\tail_		;End caps
+	l\head_\pv_ = l\head_		;These make it more or less safe to iterate freely
+	l\head_\Value = 0
+	
+	l\tail_\nx_ = l\tail_
+	l\tail_\pv_ = l\head_
+	l\tail_\Value = 0
+	
+	Return l
+End Function
+
+;Free a list and all elements (not any values)
+Function FreeList(l.LList)
+	ClearList l
+	Delete l\head_
+	Delete l\tail_
+	Delete l
+End Function
+
+;Remove all the elements from a list (does not free values)
+Function ClearList(l.LList)
+	Local n.ListNode = l\head_\nx_
+	While n <> l\tail_
+		Local nx.ListNode = n\nx_
+		Delete n
+		n = nx
+	Wend
+	l\head_\nx_ = l\tail_
+	l\tail_\pv_ = l\head_
+End Function
+
+;Count the number of elements in a list (slow)
+Function ListLength(l.LList)
+	Local i.Iterator = GetIterator(l), elems
+	While EachIn(i)
+		elems = elems + 1
+	Wend
+	Return elems
+End Function
+
+;Return True if a list contains a given value
+Function ListContains(l.LList, Value)
+	Return (ListFindNode(l, Value) <> Null)
+End Function
+
+;Create a linked list from the intvalues in a bank (slow)
+Function ListFromBank.LList(bank)
+	Local l.LList = CreateList()
+	Local size = BankSize(bank), p
+	
+	For p = 0 To size - 4 Step 4
+		ListAddLast l, PeekInt(bank, p)
+	Next
+	
+	Return l
+End Function
+
+;Create a bank containing all the values in a list (slow)
+Function ListToBank(l.LList)
+	Local size = ListLength(l) * 4
+	Local bank = CreateBank(size)
+	
+	Local i.Iterator = GetIterator(l), p = 0
+	While EachIn(i)
+		PokeInt bank, p, i\Value
+		p = p + 4
+	Wend
+	
+	Return bank
+End Function
+
+;Swap the contents of two list objects
+Function SwapLists(l1.LList, l2.LList)
+	Local tempH.ListNode = l1\head_, tempT.ListNode = l1\tail_
+	l1\head_ = l2\head_
+	l1\tail_ = l2\tail_
+	l2\head_ = tempH
+	l2\tail_ = tempT
+End Function
+
+;Create a new list containing the same values as the first
+Function CopyList.LList(lo.LList)
+	Local ln.LList = CreateList()
+	Local i.Iterator = GetIterator(lo) : While EachIn(i)
+		ListAddLast ln, i\Value
+	Wend
+	Return ln
+End Function
+
+;Reverse the order of elements of a list
+Function ReverseList(l.LList)
+	Local n1.ListNode, n2.ListNode, tmp.ListNode
+	
+	n1 = l\head_
+	n2 = l\head_\nx_
+	
+	While n1 <> l\tail_
+		n1\pv_ = n2
+		tmp = n2\nx_
+		n2\nx_ = n1
+		n1 = n2
+		n2 = tmp
+	Wend
+	
+	tmp = l\head_
+	l\head_ = l\tail_
+	l\tail_ = tmp
+	
+	l\head_\pv_ = l\head_
+	l\tail_\nx_ = l\tail_
+End Function
+
+;Search a list to retrieve the first node with the given value
+Function ListFindNode.ListNode(l.LList, Value)
+	Local n.ListNode = l\head_\nx_
+	
+	While n <> l\tail_
+		If n\Value = Value Then Return n
+		n = n\nx_
+	Wend
+	
+	Return Null
+End Function
+
+;Append a value to the end of a list (fast) and return the node
+Function ListAddLast.ListNode(l.LList, Value)
+	Local n.ListNode = New ListNode
+	
+	n\pv_ = l\tail_\pv_
+	n\nx_ = l\tail_
+	n\Value = Value
+	
+	l\tail_\pv_ = n
+	n\pv_\nx_ = n
+	
+	Return n
+End Function
+
+;Attach a value to the start of a list (fast) and return the node
+Function ListAddFirst.ListNode(l.LList, Value)
+	Local n.ListNode = New ListNode
+	
+	n\pv_ = l\head_
+	n\nx_ = l\head_\nx_
+	n\Value = Value
+	
+	l\head_\nx_ = n
+	n\nx_\pv_ = n
+	
+	Return n
+End Function
+
+;Remove the first occurence of the given value from a list
+Function ListRemove(l.LList, Value)
+	Local n.ListNode = ListFindNode(l, Value)
+	If n <> Null Then RemoveListNode n
+End Function
+
+;Remove a node from a list
+Function RemoveListNode(n.ListNode)
+	n\pv_\nx_ = n\nx_
+	n\nx_\pv_ = n\pv_
+	Delete n
+End Function
+
+;Return the value of the element at the given position from the start of the list,
+;or backwards from the end of the list for a negative index
+Function ValueAtIndex(l.LList, index)
+	Local n.ListNode = ListNodeAtIndex(l, index)
+	If n <> Null Then Return n\Value : Else Return 0
+End Function
+
+;Return the ListNode at the given position from the start of the list, or backwards
+;from the end of the list for a negative index, or Null if invalid
+Function ListNodeAtIndex.ListNode(l.LList, index)
+	Local e, n.ListNode
+	
+	If index >= 0
+		n = l\head_
+		For e = 0 To index
+			n = n\nx_
+		Next
+		If n = l\tail_ Then n = Null	;Beyond the end of the list - not valid
+		
+	Else	;Negative index - count backward
+		n = l\tail_
+		For e = 0 To index Step -1
+			n = n\pv_
+		Next
+		If n = l\head_ Then n = Null	;Before the start of the list - not valid
+		
+	EndIf
+	
+	Return n
+End Function
+
+;Replace a value at the given position (added by MusicianKool)
+Function ReplaceValueAtIndex(l.LList,index,value)
+	Local n.ListNode = ListNodeAtIndex(l,index)
+	If n <> Null Then n\Value = value:Else Return 0
+End Function
+
+;Remove and return a value at the given position (added by MusicianKool)
+Function RemoveNodeAtIndex(l.LList,index)
+	Local n.ListNode = ListNodeAtIndex(l,index),tval
+	If n <> Null Then tval = n\Value:RemoveListNode(n):Return tval:Else Return 0
+End Function
+
+;Retrieve the first value from a list
+Function ListFirst(l.LList)
+	If l\head_\nx_ <> l\tail_ Then Return l\head_\nx_\Value
+End Function
+
+;Retrieve the last value from a list
+Function ListLast(l.LList)
+	If l\tail_\pv_ <> l\head_ Then Return l\tail_\pv_\Value
+End Function
+
+;Remove the first element from a list, and return its value
+Function ListRemoveFirst(l.LList)
+	Local val
+	If l\head_\nx_ <> l\tail_
+		val = l\head_\nx_\Value
+		RemoveListNode l\head_\nx_
+	EndIf
+	Return val
+End Function
+
+;Remove the last element from a list, and return its value
+Function ListRemoveLast(l.LList)
+	Local val
+	If l\tail_\pv_ <> l\head_
+		val = l\tail_\pv_\Value
+		RemoveListNode l\tail_\pv_
+	EndIf
+	Return val
+End Function
+
+;Insert a value into a list before the specified node, and return the new node
+Function InsertBeforeNode.ListNode(Value, n.ListNode)
+	Local bef.ListNode = New ListNode
+	
+	bef\pv_ = n\pv_
+	bef\nx_ = n
+	bef\Value = Value
+	
+	n\pv_ = bef
+	bef\pv_\nx_ = bef
+	
+	Return bef
+End Function
+
+;Insert a value into a list after the specified node, and return then new node
+Function InsertAfterNode.ListNode(Value, n.ListNode)
+	Local aft.ListNode = New ListNode
+	
+	aft\nx_ = n\nx_
+	aft\pv_ = n
+	aft\Value = Value
+	
+	n\nx_ = aft
+	aft\nx_\pv_ = aft
+	
+	Return aft
+End Function
+
+;Get an iterator object to use with a loop
+;This function means that most programs won't have to think about deleting iterators manually
+;(in general only a small, constant number will be created)
+Function GetIterator.Iterator(l.LList)
+	Local i.Iterator
+	
+	If l = Null Then RuntimeError "Cannot create Iterator for Null"
+	
+	For i = Each Iterator		;See if there's an available iterator at the moment
+		If i\l_ = Null Then Exit
+	Next
+	
+	If i = Null Then i = New Iterator	;If there wasn't, create one
+	
+	i\l_ = l
+	i\cn_ = l\head_
+	i\cni_ = -1
+	i\Value = 0		;No especial reason why this has to be anything, but meh
+	
+	Return i
+End Function
+
+;Use as the argument to While to iterate over the members of a list
+Function EachIn(i.Iterator)
+	
+	i\cn_ = i\cn_\nx_
+	
+	If i\cn_ <> i\l_\tail_		;Still items in the list
+		i\Value = i\cn_\Value
+		i\cni_ = i\cni_ + 1
+		Return True
+		
+	Else
+		i\l_ = Null		;Disconnect from the list, having reached the end
+		i\cn_ = Null
+		i\cni_ = -1
+		Return False
+		
+	EndIf
+End Function
+
+;Remove from the containing list the element currently pointed to by an iterator
+Function IteratorRemove(i.Iterator)
+	If (i\cn_ <> i\l_\head_) And (i\cn_ <> i\l_\tail_)
+		Local temp.ListNode = i\cn_
+		
+		i\cn_ = i\cn_\pv_
+		i\cni_ = i\cni_ - 1
+		i\Value = 0
+		
+		RemoveListNode temp
+		
+		Return True
+	Else
+		Return False
+	EndIf
+End Function
+
+;Call this before breaking out of an EachIn loop, to disconnect the iterator from the list
+Function IteratorBreak(i.Iterator)
+	i\l_ = Null
+	i\cn_ = Null
+	i\cni_ = -1
+	i\Value = 0
+End Function
+
+
+;~IDEal Editor Parameters:
+;~F#5#A#10#18#2A#32#3E#47#4C#58#66#6F#78#8F#9B#A9#B7#BD#C5#CC
+;~F#E3#E9#EF#F4#F9#103#10D#11B#12B#13F#152#163
+;~C#Blitz3D

samples/BlitzBasic/PObj.bb

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+Local i, start, result
+
+Local s.Sum3Obj = New Sum3Obj
+
+For i = 1 To 100000
+	s = New Sum3Obj
+	result = Handle Before s
+	Delete s
+Next
+
+start = MilliSecs()
+For i = 1 To 1000000
+	result = Sum3_(MakeSum3Obj(i, i, i))
+Next
+start = MilliSecs() - start
+Print start
+
+start = MilliSecs()
+For i = 1 To 1000000
+	result = Sum3(i, i, i)
+Next
+start = MilliSecs() - start
+Print start
+
+WaitKey
+End
+
+
+Function Sum3(a, b, c)
+	Return a + b + c
+End Function
+
+
+Type Sum3Obj
+	Field isActive
+	Field a, b, c
+End Type
+
+Function MakeSum3Obj(a, b, c)
+	Local s.Sum3Obj = Last Sum3Obj
+	If s\isActive Then s = New Sum3Obj
+	s\isActive = True
+	s\a = a
+	s\b = b
+	s\c = c
+	
+	Restore label
+	Read foo
+	
+	Return Handle(s)
+End Function
+
+.label
+Data (10 + 2), 12, 14
+:
+Function Sum3_(a_)
+	Local a.Sum3Obj = Object.Sum3Obj a_
+	Local return_ =  a\a + a\b + a\c
+	Insert a Before First Sum3Obj :: a\isActive = False
+	Return return_
+End Function
+
+
+;~IDEal Editor Parameters:
+;~C#Blitz3D

samples/Bluespec/TL.bsv

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package TL;
+
+interface TL;
+   method Action ped_button_push();
+
+         (* always_enabled *)
+         method Action set_car_state_N(Bool x);
+         (* always_enabled *)
+         method Action set_car_state_S(Bool x);
+         (* always_enabled *)
+         method Action set_car_state_E(Bool x);
+         (* always_enabled *)
+         method Action set_car_state_W(Bool x);
+
+   method Bool lampRedNS();
+   method Bool lampAmberNS();
+   method Bool lampGreenNS();
+
+   method Bool lampRedE();
+   method Bool lampAmberE();
+   method Bool lampGreenE();
+
+   method Bool lampRedW();
+   method Bool lampAmberW();
+   method Bool lampGreenW();
+
+   method Bool lampRedPed();
+   method Bool lampAmberPed();
+   method Bool lampGreenPed();
+endinterface: TL
+
+typedef enum {
+         AllRed,
+         GreenNS, AmberNS,
+         GreenE, AmberE,
+         GreenW, AmberW,
+         GreenPed, AmberPed} TLstates deriving (Eq, Bits);
+
+typedef UInt#(5) Time32;
+typedef UInt#(20) CtrSize;
+
+(* synthesize *)
+module sysTL(TL);
+   Time32 allRedDelay = 2;
+   Time32 amberDelay = 4;
+   Time32 nsGreenDelay = 20;
+   Time32 ewGreenDelay = 10;
+   Time32 pedGreenDelay = 10;
+   Time32 pedAmberDelay = 6;
+
+   CtrSize clocks_per_sec = 100;
+
+   Reg#(TLstates) state <- mkReg(AllRed);
+   Reg#(TLstates) next_green <- mkReg(GreenNS);
+   Reg#(Time32) secs <- mkReg(0);
+   Reg#(Bool) ped_button_pushed <- mkReg(False);
+         Reg#(Bool) car_present_N <- mkReg(True);
+   Reg#(Bool) car_present_S <- mkReg(True);
+   Reg#(Bool) car_present_E <- mkReg(True);
+   Reg#(Bool) car_present_W <- mkReg(True);
+         Bool car_present_NS = car_present_N || car_present_S;
+   Reg#(CtrSize) cycle_ctr <- mkReg(0);
+
+   rule dec_cycle_ctr (cycle_ctr != 0);
+      cycle_ctr <= cycle_ctr - 1;
+   endrule
+
+   Rules low_priority_rule = (rules
+                        rule inc_sec (cycle_ctr == 0);
+                                 secs <= secs + 1;
+                                 cycle_ctr <= clocks_per_sec;
+                        endrule endrules);
+
+   function Action next_state(TLstates ns);
+         action
+                                 state <= ns;
+                                 secs <= 0;
+      endaction
+   endfunction: next_state
+
+   function TLstates green_seq(TLstates x);
+      case (x)
+                                 GreenNS: return (GreenE);
+                                 GreenE:  return (GreenW);
+                                 GreenW:  return (GreenNS);
+      endcase
+   endfunction
+
+   function Bool car_present(TLstates x);
+      case (x)
+                                 GreenNS: return (car_present_NS);
+                                 GreenE:  return (car_present_E);
+                                 GreenW:  return (car_present_W);
+      endcase
+   endfunction
+
+   function Rules make_from_green_rule(TLstates green_state, Time32 delay, Bool car_is_present, TLstates ns);
+                        return (rules
+                                 rule from_green (state == green_state && (secs >= delay || !car_is_present));
+                                                next_state(ns);
+                                 endrule endrules);
+   endfunction: make_from_green_rule
+
+   function Rules make_from_amber_rule(TLstates amber_state, TLstates ng);
+      return (rules
+                                 rule from_amber (state == amber_state && secs >= amberDelay);
+                                                next_state(AllRed);
+                                                next_green <= ng;
+                                 endrule endrules);
+   endfunction: make_from_amber_rule
+
+   Rules hprs[7];
+
+   hprs[1] = make_from_green_rule(GreenNS, nsGreenDelay, car_present_NS, AmberNS);
+   hprs[2] = make_from_amber_rule(AmberNS, GreenE);
+   hprs[3] = make_from_green_rule(GreenE, ewGreenDelay, car_present_E, AmberE);
+   hprs[4] = make_from_amber_rule(AmberE, GreenW);
+   hprs[5] = make_from_green_rule(GreenW, ewGreenDelay, car_present_W, AmberW);
+   hprs[6] = make_from_amber_rule(AmberW, GreenNS);
+
+         hprs[0] = (rules
+                        rule fromAllRed (state == AllRed && secs >= allRedDelay);
+                                 if (ped_button_pushed) action
+                                                ped_button_pushed <= False;
+                                                next_state(GreenPed);
+                                 endaction else if (car_present(next_green))
+                              next_state(next_green);
+                           else if (car_present(green_seq(next_green)))
+                                    next_state(green_seq(next_green));
+         else if (car_present(green_seq(green_seq(next_green))))
+                                    next_state(green_seq(green_seq(next_green)));
+         else
+                                    noAction;
+                        endrule: fromAllRed endrules);
+
+         Rules high_priority_rules = hprs[0];
+   for (Integer i = 1; i<7; i=i+1)
+      high_priority_rules = rJoin(hprs[i], high_priority_rules);
+
+         addRules(preempts(high_priority_rules, low_priority_rule));
+
+   method Action ped_button_push();
+      ped_button_pushed <= True;
+   endmethod: ped_button_push
+
+   method Action set_car_state_N(b) ; car_present_N <= b; endmethod
+   method Action set_car_state_S(b) ; car_present_S <= b; endmethod
+   method Action set_car_state_E(b) ; car_present_E <= b; endmethod
+   method Action set_car_state_W(b) ; car_present_W <= b; endmethod
+
+   method lampRedNS() = (!(state == GreenNS || state == AmberNS));
+   method lampAmberNS() = (state == AmberNS);
+   method lampGreenNS() = (state == GreenNS);
+   method lampRedE() = (!(state == GreenE || state == AmberE));
+   method lampAmberE() = (state == AmberE);
+   method lampGreenE() = (state == GreenE);
+   method lampRedW() = (!(state == GreenW || state == AmberW));
+   method lampAmberW() = (state == AmberW);
+   method lampGreenW() = (state == GreenW);
+
+   method lampRedPed() = (!(state == GreenPed || state == AmberPed));
+   method lampAmberPed() = (state == AmberPed);
+   method lampGreenPed() = (state == GreenPed);
+
+endmodule: sysTL
+
+endpackage: TL

samples/Bluespec/TbTL.bsv

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package TbTL;
+
+import TL::*;
+
+interface Lamp;
+   method Bool changed;
+   method Action show_offs;
+   method Action show_ons;
+   method Action reset;
+endinterface
+
+module mkLamp#(String name, Bool lamp)(Lamp);
+   Reg#(Bool) prev <- mkReg(False);
+
+   method changed = (prev != lamp);
+
+   method Action show_offs;
+      if (prev && !lamp)
+      $write (name + " off, ");
+   endmethod
+
+   method Action show_ons;
+      if (!prev && lamp)
+      $write (name + " on, ");
+   endmethod
+
+   method Action reset;
+      prev <= lamp;
+   endmethod
+endmodule
+
+
+(* synthesize *)
+module mkTest();
+   let dut <- sysTL;
+
+   Reg#(Bit#(16)) ctr <- mkReg(0);
+
+   Reg#(Bool) carN <- mkReg(False);
+   Reg#(Bool) carS <- mkReg(False);
+   Reg#(Bool) carE <- mkReg(False);
+   Reg#(Bool) carW <- mkReg(False);
+
+   Lamp lamps[12];
+
+   lamps[0] <- mkLamp("0:  NS  red  ", dut.lampRedNS);
+   lamps[1] <- mkLamp("1:  NS  amber", dut.lampAmberNS);
+   lamps[2] <- mkLamp("2:  NS  green", dut.lampGreenNS);
+   lamps[3] <- mkLamp("3:  E   red  ", dut.lampRedE);
+   lamps[4] <- mkLamp("4:  E   amber", dut.lampAmberE);
+   lamps[5] <- mkLamp("5:  E   green", dut.lampGreenE);
+   lamps[6] <- mkLamp("6:  W   red  ", dut.lampRedW);
+   lamps[7] <- mkLamp("7:  W   amber", dut.lampAmberW);
+   lamps[8] <- mkLamp("8:  W   green", dut.lampGreenW);
+
+   lamps[9]  <- mkLamp("9:  Ped red  ", dut.lampRedPed);
+   lamps[10] <- mkLamp("10: Ped amber", dut.lampAmberPed);
+   lamps[11] <- mkLamp("11: Ped green", dut.lampGreenPed);
+
+   rule start (ctr == 0);
+      $dumpvars;
+   endrule
+
+   rule detect_cars;
+      dut.set_car_state_N(carN);
+      dut.set_car_state_S(carS);
+      dut.set_car_state_E(carE);
+      dut.set_car_state_W(carW);
+   endrule
+
+   rule go;
+      ctr <= ctr + 1;
+      if (ctr == 5000) carN <= True;
+      if (ctr == 6500) carN <= False;
+      if (ctr == 12_000) dut.ped_button_push;
+   endrule
+
+   rule stop (ctr > 32768);
+      $display("TESTS FINISHED");
+      $finish(0);
+   endrule
+
+   function do_offs(l) = l.show_offs;
+      function do_ons(l) = l.show_ons;
+      function do_reset(l) = l.reset;
+
+      function do_it(f);
+         action
+         for (Integer i=0; i<12; i=i+1)
+            f(lamps[i]);
+         endaction
+      endfunction
+
+      function any_changes();
+         Bool b = False;
+         for (Integer i=0; i<12; i=i+1)
+             b = b || lamps[i].changed;
+         return b;
+      endfunction
+
+      rule show (any_changes());
+      do_it(do_offs);
+      do_it(do_ons);
+      do_it(do_reset);
+      $display("(at time %d)", $time);
+   endrule
+endmodule
+
+endpackage

samples/Brightscript/SimpleGrid.brs

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+' *********************************************************
+' **  Simple Grid Screen Demonstration App
+' **  Jun 2010
+' **  Copyright (c) 2010 Roku Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+' *********************************************************
+
+'************************************************************
+'** Application startup
+'************************************************************
+Sub Main()
+
+    'initialize theme attributes like titles, logos and overhang color
+    initTheme()
+  
+    gridstyle = "Flat-Movie"
+
+    'set to go, time to get started
+    while gridstyle <> ""
+        print "starting grid style= ";gridstyle
+        screen=preShowGridScreen(gridstyle)
+        gridstyle = showGridScreen(screen, gridstyle)
+    end while
+
+End Sub
+
+
+'*************************************************************
+'** Set the configurable theme attributes for the application
+'** 
+'** Configure the custom overhang and Logo attributes
+'** These attributes affect the branding of the application
+'** and are artwork, colors and offsets specific to the app
+'*************************************************************
+
+Sub initTheme()
+    app = CreateObject("roAppManager")
+    app.SetTheme(CreateDefaultTheme())
+End Sub
+
+'******************************************************
+'** @return The default application theme.
+'** Screens can make slight adjustments to the default
+'** theme by getting it from here and then overriding
+'** individual theme attributes.
+'******************************************************
+Function CreateDefaultTheme() as Object
+    theme = CreateObject("roAssociativeArray")
+
+    theme.ThemeType = "generic-dark"
+
+    ' All these are greyscales
+    theme.GridScreenBackgroundColor = "#363636"
+    theme.GridScreenMessageColor    = "#808080"
+    theme.GridScreenRetrievingColor = "#CCCCCC"
+    theme.GridScreenListNameColor   = "#FFFFFF"
+
+    ' Color values work here
+    theme.GridScreenDescriptionTitleColor    = "#001090"
+    theme.GridScreenDescriptionDateColor     = "#FF005B"
+    theme.GridScreenDescriptionRuntimeColor  = "#5B005B"
+    theme.GridScreenDescriptionSynopsisColor = "#606000"
+    
+    'used in the Grid Screen
+    theme.CounterTextLeft           = "#FF0000"
+    theme.CounterSeparator          = "#00FF00"
+    theme.CounterTextRight          = "#0000FF"
+    
+    theme.GridScreenLogoHD          = "pkg:/images/Overhang_Test_HD.png"
+
+    theme.GridScreenLogoOffsetHD_X  = "0"
+    theme.GridScreenLogoOffsetHD_Y  = "0"
+    theme.GridScreenOverhangHeightHD = "99"
+
+    theme.GridScreenLogoSD          = "pkg:/images/Overhang_Test_SD43.png"
+    theme.GridScreenOverhangHeightSD = "66"
+    theme.GridScreenLogoOffsetSD_X  = "0"
+    theme.GridScreenLogoOffsetSD_Y  = "0"
+    
+    ' to use your own focus ring artwork 
+    'theme.GridScreenFocusBorderSD        = "pkg:/images/GridCenter_Border_Movies_SD43.png"
+    'theme.GridScreenBorderOffsetSD  = "(-26,-25)"
+    'theme.GridScreenFocusBorderHD        = "pkg:/images/GridCenter_Border_Movies_HD.png"
+    'theme.GridScreenBorderOffsetHD  = "(-28,-20)"
+    
+    ' to use your own description background artwork
+    'theme.GridScreenDescriptionImageSD  = "pkg:/images/Grid_Description_Background_SD43.png"
+    'theme.GridScreenDescriptionOffsetSD = "(125,170)"
+    'theme.GridScreenDescriptionImageHD  = "pkg:/images/Grid_Description_Background_HD.png"
+    'theme.GridScreenDescriptionOffsetHD = "(190,255)"
+    
+
+    return theme
+End Function
+
+'******************************************************
+'** Perform any startup/initialization stuff prior to 
+'** initially showing the screen.  
+'******************************************************
+Function preShowGridScreen(style as string) As Object
+
+    m.port=CreateObject("roMessagePort")
+    screen = CreateObject("roGridScreen")
+    screen.SetMessagePort(m.port)
+'    screen.SetDisplayMode("best-fit")
+    screen.SetDisplayMode("scale-to-fill")
+
+    screen.SetGridStyle(style)
+    return screen
+
+End Function
+
+
+'******************************************************
+'** Display the gird screen and wait for events from 
+'** the screen. The screen will show retreiving while
+'** we fetch and parse the feeds for the show posters
+'******************************************************
+Function showGridScreen(screen As Object, gridstyle as string) As string
+
+    print "enter showGridScreen"
+
+    categoryList = getCategoryList()
+    categoryList[0] = "GridStyle: " + gridstyle
+    screen.setupLists(categoryList.count())
+    screen.SetListNames(categoryList)
+    StyleButtons = getGridControlButtons()
+    screen.SetContentList(0, StyleButtons)
+    for i = 1 to categoryList.count()-1
+        screen.SetContentList(i, getShowsForCategoryItem(categoryList[i]))
+    end for
+    screen.Show()
+
+    while true
+        print "Waiting for message"
+        msg = wait(0, m.port)
+        'msg = wait(0, screen.GetMessagePort())     ' getmessageport does not work on gridscreen
+        print "Got Message:";type(msg)
+        if type(msg) = "roGridScreenEvent" then
+            print "msg= "; msg.GetMessage() " , index= "; msg.GetIndex(); " data= "; msg.getData()
+            if msg.isListItemFocused() then
+                print"list item focused | current show = "; msg.GetIndex()
+            else if msg.isListItemSelected() then
+                row = msg.GetIndex()
+                selection = msg.getData()
+                print "list item selected row= "; row; " selection= "; selection
+
+                ' Did we get a selection from the gridstyle selection row?
+                if (row = 0)
+                    ' yes, return so we can come back with new style
+                    return StyleButtons[selection].Title
+                endif
+
+                'm.curShow = displayShowDetailScreen(showList[msg.GetIndex()])
+            else if msg.isScreenClosed() then
+                return ""
+            end if
+        end If
+    end while
+
+
+End Function
+
+'**********************************************************
+'** When a poster on the home screen is selected, we call
+'** this function passing an roAssociativeArray with the 
+'** ContentMetaData for the selected show.  This data should 
+'** be sufficient for the springboard to display
+'**********************************************************
+Function displayShowDetailScreen(category as Object, showIndex as Integer) As Integer
+
+    'add code to create springboard, for now we do nothing
+    return 1
+
+End Function
+
+
+'**************************************************************
+'** Return the list of categories to display in the filter
+'** banner. The result is an roArray containing the names of 
+'** all of the categories. All just static data for the example.
+'***************************************************************
+Function getCategoryList() As Object
+
+    categoryList = [ "GridStyle", "Reality", "History", "News", "Comedy", "Drama"]
+    return categoryList
+
+End Function
+
+
+'********************************************************************
+'** Given the category from the filter banner, return an array 
+'** of ContentMetaData objects (roAssociativeArray's) representing 
+'** the shows for the category. For this example, we just cheat and
+'** create and return a static array with just the minimal items
+'** set, but ideally, you'd go to a feed service, fetch and parse
+'** this data dynamically, so content for each category is dynamic
+'********************************************************************
+Function getShowsForCategoryItem(category As Object) As Object
+
+    print "getting shows for category "; category
+
+    showList = [
+        {
+            Title: category + ": Header",
+            releaseDate: "1976",
+            length: 3600-600,
+            Description:"This row is category " + category,
+            hdBranded: true,
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gold_star_on_blue.gif",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gold_star_on_blue.gif",
+            Description:"Short Synopsis #1",
+            Synopsis:"Length",
+            StarRating:10,
+        }
+        {
+            Title: category + ": Beverly Hillbillies",
+            releaseDate: "1969",
+            rating: "PG",
+            Description:"Come and listen to a story about a man named Jed: Poor mountaineer, barely kept his family fed. Then one day he was shootin at some food, and up through the ground came a bubblin crude. Oil that is, black gold, Texas tea.",
+            numEpisodes:42,
+            contentType:"season",
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/The_Beverly_Hillbillies.jpg",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/The_Beverly_Hillbillies.jpg",
+            StarRating:80,
+            UserStarRating:40
+        }
+        {
+            Title: category + ": Babylon 5",
+            releaseDate: "1996",
+            rating: "PG",
+            Description:"The show centers on the Babylon 5 space station: a focal point for politics, diplomacy, and conflict during the years 2257-2262.",
+            numEpisodes:102,
+            contentType:"season",
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Smb5-s4.jpg",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Smb5-s4.jpg",
+            StarRating:80,
+            UserStarRating:40
+        }
+        {
+            Title: category + ": John F. Kennedy",
+            releaseDate: "1961",
+            rating: "PG",
+            Description:"My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.",
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/Jfk_happy_birthday_1.jpg",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/Jfk_happy_birthday_1.jpg",
+            StarRating:100
+        }
+        {
+            Title: category + ": Man on the Moon",
+            releaseDate: "1969",
+            rating: "PG",
+            Description:"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.",
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg",
+            StarRating:100
+        }
+        {
+            Title: category + ": I have a Dream",
+            releaseDate: "1963",
+            rating: "PG",
+            Description:"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.",
+            HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg",
+            SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg",
+            StarRating:100
+        }
+    ]
+
+    return showList
+End Function
+    
+function getGridControlButtons() as object
+        buttons = [
+            { Title: "Flat-Movie"
+              ReleaseDate: "HD:5x2 SD:5x2"
+              Description: "Flat-Movie (Netflix) style"
+              HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gold_star_on_blue.gif"
+              SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gold_star_on_blue.gif"
+            }
+            { Title: "Flat-Landscape"
+              ReleaseDate: "HD:5x3 SD:4x3"
+              Description: "Channel Store"
+              HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dunkery_Hill.jpg/800px-Dunkery_Hill.jpg",
+              SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dunkery_Hill.jpg/800px-Dunkery_Hill.jpg",
+            }
+            { Title: "Flat-Portrait"
+              ReleaseDate: "HD:5x2 SD:5x2"
+              Description: "3x4 style posters"
+              HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Kane_George_Gurnett.jpg",
+              SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Kane_George_Gurnett.jpg",
+            }
+            { Title: "Flat-Square"
+              ReleaseDate: "HD:7x3 SD:6x3"
+              Description: "1x1 style posters"
+              HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/SQUARE_SHAPE.svg/536px-SQUARE_SHAPE.svg.png",
+              SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/SQUARE_SHAPE.svg/536px-SQUARE_SHAPE.svg.png",
+            }
+            { Title: "Flat-16x9"
+              ReleaseDate: "HD:5x3 SD:4x3"
+              Description: "HD style posters"
+              HDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%C3%89cran_TV_plat.svg/200px-%C3%89cran_TV_plat.svg.png",
+              SDPosterUrl:"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%C3%89cran_TV_plat.svg/200px-%C3%89cran_TV_plat.svg.png",
+            }
+       ]
+       return buttons
+End Function

samples/C#/Index.cshtml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+@{
+    ViewBag.Title = "Home Page";
+}
+@section featured {
+    <section class="featured">
+        <div class="content-wrapper">
+            <hgroup class="title">
+                <h1>@ViewBag.Title.</h1>
+                <h2>@ViewBag.Message</h2>
+            </hgroup>
+            <p>
+                To learn more about ASP.NET MVC visit
+                <a href="http://asp.net/mvc" title="ASP.NET MVC Website">http://asp.net/mvc</a>.
+                The page features <mark>videos, tutorials, and samples</mark> to help you get the most from ASP.NET MVC.
+                If you have any questions about ASP.NET MVC visit
+                <a href="http://forums.asp.net/1146.aspx/1?MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC Forum">our forums</a>.
+            </p>
+        </div>
+    </section>
+}
+<h3>We suggest the following:</h3>
+<ol class="round">
+    <li class="one">
+        <h5>Getting Started</h5>
+        ASP.NET MVC gives you a powerful, patterns-based way to build dynamic websites that
+        enables a clean separation of concerns and that gives you full control over markup
+        for enjoyable, agile development. ASP.NET MVC includes many features that enable
+        fast, TDD-friendly development for creating sophisticated applications that use
+        the latest web standards.
+        <a href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=245151">Learn more…</a>
+    </li>
+
+    <li class="two">
+        <h5>Add NuGet packages and jump-start your coding</h5>
+        NuGet makes it easy to install and update free libraries and tools.
+        <a href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=245153">Learn more…</a>
+    </li>
+
+    <li class="three">
+        <h5>Find Web Hosting</h5>
+        You can easily find a web hosting company that offers the right mix of features
+        and price for your applications.
+        <a href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=245157">Learn more…</a>
+    </li>
+</ol>

samples/C#/Program.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace LittleSampleApp
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Just what it says on the tin. A little sample application for Linguist to try out.
+  /// 
+  /// </summary>
+  class Program
+  {
+    static void Main(string[] args)
+    {
+      Console.WriteLine("Hello, I am a little sample application to test GitHub's Linguist module.");
+      Console.WriteLine("I also include a Razor MVC file just to prove it handles cshtml files now.");
+    }
+  }
+}

samples/C++/CsvStreamer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <fstream>
+#include "util.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+
+#define DEFAULT_DELIMITER	','
+
+
+class CsvStreamer
+{
+	private:
+		ofstream file;				// File output stream
+		vector<string> row_buffer;	// Buffer which stores a row's data before being flushed/written
+		int fields;					// Number of fields (columns)
+		long rows;					// Number of rows (records) including header row
+		char delimiter;				// Delimiter character; comma by default
+		string sanitize(string);	// Returns a string ready for output into the file
+		
+	public:
+		CsvStreamer();				// Empty CSV streamer... be sure to open the file before writing!
+		CsvStreamer(string, char);	// Same as open(string, char)...
+		CsvStreamer(string);		// Opens an output CSV file given a file path/name
+		~CsvStreamer();				// Ensures the output file is closed and saved
+		void open(string);			// Opens an output CSV file given a file path/name (default delimiter)
+		void open(string, char);	// Opens an output CSV file given a file path/name and a delimiting character (default comma)
+		void add_field(string);		// If still on first line, adds a new field to the header row
+		void save_fields();			// Call this to save the header row; all new writes should be through append()
+		void append(string);		// Appends the current row with this data for the next field; quoted only if needed (leading/trailing spaces are trimmed)
+		void append(string, bool);	// Like append(string) but can specify whether to trim spaces at either end of the data (false to keep spaces)
+		void append(float);			// Appends the current row with this number
+		void append(double);		// Appends the current row with this number
+		void append(long);			// Appends the current row with this number
+		void append(int);			// Appends the current row with this number
+		void writeln();				// Flushes what was in the row buffer into the file (writes the row)
+		void close();				// Saves and closes the file
+		int field_count();			// Gets the number of fields (columns)
+		long row_count();			// Gets the number of records (rows) -- NOT including the header row
+};

samples/C++/Field.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+* Dwarf Mine - The 13-11 Benchmark
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2013 Bünger, Thomas; Kieschnick, Christian; Kusber,
+* Michael; Lohse, Henning; Wuttke, Nikolai; Xylander, Oliver; Yao, Gary;
+* Zimmermann, Florian
+*
+* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+* the following conditions:
+*
+* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+*
+* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+#pragma once
+
+enum Field { Free, Black, White, Illegal };
+
+typedef Field Player;

samples/C++/Types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+* Dwarf Mine - The 13-11 Benchmark
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2013 Bünger, Thomas; Kieschnick, Christian; Kusber,
+* Michael; Lohse, Henning; Wuttke, Nikolai; Xylander, Oliver; Yao, Gary;
+* Zimmermann, Florian
+*
+* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+* the following conditions:
+*
+* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+*
+* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+typedef uint32_t smallPrime_t;

samples/C++/cuda.cu

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-void foo()
-{
-  cudaArray* cu_array;
-  texture<float, 2, cudaReadModeElementType> tex;
-
-  // Allocate array
-  cudaChannelFormatDesc description = cudaCreateChannelDesc<float>();
-  cudaMallocArray(&cu_array, &description, width, height);
-
-  // Copy image data to array
-  cudaMemcpyToArray(cu_array, image, width*height*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
-
-  // Set texture parameters (default)
-  tex.addressMode[0] = cudaAddressModeClamp;
-  tex.addressMode[1] = cudaAddressModeClamp;
-  tex.filterMode = cudaFilterModePoint;
-  tex.normalized = false; // do not normalize coordinates
-
-  // Bind the array to the texture
-  cudaBindTextureToArray(tex, cu_array);
-
-  // Run kernel
-  dim3 blockDim(16, 16, 1);
-  dim3 gridDim((width + blockDim.x - 1)/ blockDim.x, (height + blockDim.y - 1) / blockDim.y, 1);
-  kernel<<< gridDim, blockDim, 0 >>>(d_data, height, width);
-
-  // Unbind the array from the texture
-  cudaUnbindTexture(tex);
-} //end foo()
-
-__global__ void kernel(float* odata, int height, int width)
-{
-   unsigned int x = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
-   unsigned int y = blockIdx.y*blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;
-   if (x < width && y < height) {
-      float c = tex2D(tex, x, y);
-      odata[y*width+x] = c;
-   }
-}

samples/C++/libcanister.h

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#ifndef LIBCANIH
+#define LIBCANIH
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#define int64 unsigned long long
+//#define DEBUG
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#define dout cout
+#else
+#define dout if (0) cerr
+#endif
+
+using namespace std;
+
+namespace libcanister
+{
+
+    //the canmem object is a generic memory container used commonly
+    //throughout the canister framework to hold memory of uncertain
+    //length which may or may not contain null bytes. 
+    class canmem
+    {
+    public:
+        char* data; //the raw memory block
+        int size; //the absolute length of the block
+        canmem(); //creates an unallocated canmem
+        canmem(int allocsize); //creates an allocated, blank canmem of size
+        canmem(char* strdata); //automates the creation of zero-limited canmems
+        ~canmem(); //cleans up the canmem
+        void zeromem(); //overwrites this canmem
+        void fragmem(); //overwrites this canmem with fragment notation
+        void countlen(); //counts length of zero-limited strings and stores it in size
+        void trim(); //removes any nulls from the end of the string
+        static canmem null(); //returns a singleton null canmem
+        
+    };
+    
+    //contains information about the canister
+    class caninfo
+    {
+    public:
+        canmem path; //physical path
+        canmem internalname; //a name for the canister
+        int numfiles; //the number of files in the canister
+    };
+    
+    //necessary for the use of this class as a type in canfile
+    class canister;
+    
+    //this object holds the definition of a 'file' within the
+    //canister 'filesystem.'
+    class canfile
+    {
+    public:
+        libcanister::canister* parent; //the canister that holds this file
+        canmem path; //internal path ('filename')
+        canmem data; //the file's decompressed contents
+        int isfrag; //0 = probably not fragment, 1 = definitely a fragment (ignore)
+        int cfid; //'canfile id' -- a unique ID for this file
+        int64 dsize; //ondisk size (compressed form size)
+        int cachestate; //0 = not in memory, 1 = in memory, 2 = in memory and needs flush
+                        //-1 = error, check the data for the message
+        void cache(); //pull the file from disk and cache it in memory
+        void cachedump(); //deletes the contents of this file from the memory cache after assuring the on disk copy is up to date
+        void cachedumpfinal(fstream& infile); //same as cachedump, but more efficient during closing procedures
+        void flush(); //updates the on disk copy, but retains the memory cache
+    };
+
+    //the primary class
+    //this defines and controls a single canister
+    class canister
+    {
+        //table of contents
+        //absolutely worthless to the control code in the canister
+        //but quite useful to programs using the API, as they may
+        //desire to enumerate the files in a canister for a user's
+        //use or for their own.
+        //contains a newline-delimited list of files in the container.
+        canfile TOC;
+    public:
+        caninfo info; //the general info about this canister
+
+        //the raw canfiles -- recommended that programs do not modify
+        //these files directly, but not enforced.
+        canfile* files;
+        bool readonly; //if true then no write routines will do anything
+        
+        //maximum number of files to have in memory at any given
+        //time, change this to whatever suits your application.
+        int cachemax;
+        int cachecnt; //number of files in the cache (should not be modified)
+
+        //both initialize the canister from a physical location
+        canister (canmem fspath);
+        canister (char* fspath);
+
+        //destroys the canister (after flushing the modded buffers, of course)
+        ~canister();
+        
+        //open the fspath
+        //does it exist?
+        // | --- yes --- opening it (return 1)
+        // | --- yes --- file is corrupted, halting (return -1)
+        // | --- no  --- making a new one (return 0)
+        int open();
+        
+        //close the canister, flush all buffers, clean up
+        int close();
+        
+        //deletes the file at path inside this canister
+        int delFile(canmem path);
+        
+        //pulls the contents of the file from disk or memory and returns it as a file
+        canfile getFile(canmem path);
+        
+        //creates a file if it does not exist, otherwise overwrites
+        //returns whether operation succeeded
+        bool writeFile(canmem path, canmem data);
+        bool writeFile(canfile file);
+        
+        //get the 'table of contents', a file containing a newline delimited
+        //list of the file paths in the container which have contents
+        canfile getTOC();
+ 
+        //brings the cache back within the cachemax limit
+        //important: sCFID is the safe CFID
+        //(the CFID of the file we want to avoid uncaching)
+        //really just used internally, but it can't do any harm.
+        void cacheclean(int sCFID, bool dFlush = false);
+    };
+
+}
+
+#endif

samples/C++/metrics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef NINJA_METRICS_H_
+#define NINJA_METRICS_H_
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace std;
+
+#include "util.h"  // For int64_t.
+
+/// The Metrics module is used for the debug mode that dumps timing stats of
+/// various actions.  To use, see METRIC_RECORD below.
+
+/// A single metrics we're tracking, like "depfile load time".
+struct Metric {
+  string name;
+  /// Number of times we've hit the code path.
+  int count;
+  /// Total time (in micros) we've spent on the code path.
+  int64_t sum;
+};
+
+
+/// A scoped object for recording a metric across the body of a function.
+/// Used by the METRIC_RECORD macro.
+struct ScopedMetric {
+  explicit ScopedMetric(Metric* metric);
+  ~ScopedMetric();
+
+private:
+  Metric* metric_;
+  /// Timestamp when the measurement started.
+  /// Value is platform-dependent.
+  int64_t start_;
+};
+
+/// The singleton that stores metrics and prints the report.
+struct Metrics {
+  Metric* NewMetric(const string& name);
+
+  /// Print a summary report to stdout.
+  void Report();
+
+private:
+  vector<Metric*> metrics_;
+};
+
+/// Get the current time as relative to some epoch.
+/// Epoch varies between platforms; only useful for measuring elapsed time.
+int64_t GetTimeMillis();
+
+/// A simple stopwatch which returns the time
+/// in seconds since Restart() was called.
+struct Stopwatch {
+ public:
+  Stopwatch() : started_(0) {}
+
+  /// Seconds since Restart() call.
+  double Elapsed() const {
+    return 1e-6 * static_cast<double>(Now() - started_);
+  }
+
+  void Restart() { started_ = Now(); }
+
+ private:
+  uint64_t started_;
+  uint64_t Now() const;
+};
+
+/// The primary interface to metrics.  Use METRIC_RECORD("foobar") at the top
+/// of a function to get timing stats recorded for each call of the function.
+#define METRIC_RECORD(name)                                             \
+  static Metric* metrics_h_metric =                                     \
+      g_metrics ? g_metrics->NewMetric(name) : NULL;                    \
+  ScopedMetric metrics_h_scoped(metrics_h_metric);
+
+extern Metrics* g_metrics;
+
+#endif // NINJA_METRICS_H_

samples/C++/render_adapter.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace Gui
+{
+
+}

samples/C++/rpc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2013 Simon Que
+//
+// This file is part of DuinoCube.
+//
+// DuinoCube is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// DuinoCube is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with DuinoCube.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// DuinoCube remote procedure call functions.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// Initializes RPC system.
+void rpc_init();
+
+// Runs the RPC server loop forever.
+void rpc_server_loop();

samples/C/bootstrap.h

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#ifndef BOOTSTRAP_H
+#define BOOTSTRAP_H
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "cxrs.h"
+
+/* If we're not using GNU C, elide __attribute__ */
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#  define  __attribute__(x)  /*NOTHING*/
+#endif
+
+typedef struct object object;
+
+object *true;
+object *false;
+object *eof;
+object *empty_list;
+object *global_enviroment;
+
+enum obj_type {
+        scm_bool,
+        scm_empty_list,
+        scm_eof,
+        scm_char,
+        scm_int,
+        scm_pair,
+        scm_symbol,
+        scm_prim_fun,
+        scm_lambda,
+        scm_str,
+        scm_file
+};
+
+typedef object *(*prim_proc)(object *args);
+
+object *read(FILE *in);
+object *eval(object *code, object *env);
+void print(FILE *out, object *obj, int display);
+
+int check_type(enum obj_type type, object *obj, int err_on_false);
+
+static inline int is_true(object *obj)
+{
+        return obj != false;
+}
+
+object *make_int(int value);
+int obj2int(object *i);
+
+object *make_bool(int value);
+int obj2bool(object *b);
+
+object *make_char(char c);
+char obj2char(object *ch);
+
+object *make_str(char *str);
+char *obj2str(object *str);
+
+object *cons(object *car, object *cdr);
+object *car(object *pair);
+object *cdr(object *pair);
+void set_car(object *pair, object *new);
+void set_cdr(object *pair, object *new);
+
+object *make_symbol(char *name);
+char *sym2str(object *sym);
+object *get_symbol(char *name) __attribute__((pure));
+
+object *make_prim_fun(prim_proc fun);
+prim_proc obj2prim_proc(object *proc);
+
+object *make_lambda(object *args, object *code, object *env);
+object *lambda_code(object *lambda);
+object *lambda_args(object *lambda);
+
+object *make_port(FILE *handle, int direction);
+int port_direction(object *port);
+FILE *port_handle(object *port);
+void set_port_handle_to_null(object *port);
+
+/*both of these should never be called*/
+object *apply_proc(object *);
+object *eval_proc(object *);
+
+
+object *maybe_add_begin(object *code);
+
+void init_enviroment(object *env);
+
+
+void eval_err(char *msg, object *code) __attribute__((noreturn));
+
+void define_var(object *var, object *val, object *env);
+void set_var(object *var, object *val, object *env);
+object *get_var(object *var, object *env);
+
+object *cond2nested_if(object *cond);
+object *let2lambda(object *let);
+object *and2nested_if(object *and);
+object *or2nested_if(object *or);
+
+#endif /*include guard*/

samples/C/dynarray.cats

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/* ******************************************************************* */
+/*                                                                     */
+/*                         Applied Type System                         */
+/*                                                                     */
+/* ******************************************************************* */
+
+/*
+** ATS/Postiats - Unleashing the Potential of Types!
+** Copyright (C) 2011-20?? Hongwei Xi, ATS Trustful Software, Inc.
+** All rights reserved
+**
+** ATS is free software;  you can  redistribute it and/or modify it under
+** the terms of  the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) as published by the
+** Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at  your  option)  any
+** later version.
+** 
+** ATS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+** WARRANTY; without  even  the  implied  warranty  of MERCHANTABILITY or
+** FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the  GNU General Public License
+** for more details.
+** 
+** You  should  have  received  a  copy of the GNU General Public License
+** along  with  ATS;  see the  file COPYING.  If not, please write to the
+** Free Software Foundation,  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+** 02110-1301, USA.
+*/
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+/*
+(* Author: Hongwei Xi *)
+(* Authoremail: hwxi AT cs DOT bu DOT edu *)
+(* Start time: March, 2013 *)
+*/
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#ifndef ATSHOME_LIBATS_DYNARRAY_CATS
+#define ATSHOME_LIBATS_DYNARRAY_CATS
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#define atslib_dynarray_memcpy memcpy
+#define atslib_dynarray_memmove memmove
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#endif // ifndef ATSHOME_LIBATS_DYNARRAY_CATS
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+/* end of [dynarray.cats] */

samples/C/jni_layer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */
+#include <jni.h>
+/* Header for class jni_JniLayer */
+
+#ifndef _Included_jni_JniLayer
+#define _Included_jni_JniLayer
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_initialize
+ * Signature: ([II)J
+ */
+JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1initialize
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jintArray, jint, jint);
+
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_mainloop
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1mainloop
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong);
+
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_set_button
+ * Signature: (JII)V
+ */
+JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1set_1button
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong, jint, jint);
+
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_set_analog
+ * Signature: (JIIF)V
+ */
+JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1set_1analog
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong, jint, jint, jfloat);
+
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_report_analog_chg
+ * Signature: (JI)V
+ */
+JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1report_1analog_1chg
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong, jint);
+
+/*
+ * Class:     jni_JniLayer
+ * Method:    jni_layer_kill
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_jni_JniLayer_jni_1layer_1kill
+  (JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif

samples/C/readline.cats

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+** API in ATS for GNU-readline
+*/
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+/*
+** Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+** purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+** copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+** 
+** THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+** WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+** MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+** ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+** WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+** ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+** OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#ifndef READLINE_READLINE_CATS
+#define READLINE_READLINE_CATS
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#include <readline/readline.h>
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+//
+#define \
+atscntrb_readline_rl_library_version() ((char*)rl_library_version)
+//
+#define atscntrb_readline_rl_readline_version() (rl_readline_version)
+//
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#define atscntrb_readline_readline readline
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+#endif // ifndef READLINE_READLINE_CATS
+
+/* ****** ****** */
+
+/* end of [readline.cats] */

samples/C/syscalldefs.h

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+static const syscalldef syscalldefs[] = {
+        [SYSCALL_OR_NUM(0, SYS_restart_syscall)]        = MAKE_UINT16(0, 1),
+        [SYSCALL_OR_NUM(1, SYS_exit)]         = MAKE_UINT16(1, 17),
+        [SYSCALL_OR_NUM(2, SYS_fork)]         = MAKE_UINT16(0, 22),
+};

samples/Cirru/array.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+print $ array
+  int 1
+  string 2
+
+print $ array
+  int 1
+  array
+    int 2
+    string 3
+    array
+      string 4

samples/Cirru/block.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+set f $ block (a b c)
+  print a b c
+
+call f (int 1) (int 2) (int 3)
+
+f (int 1) (int 2) (int 3)

samples/Cirru/bool.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+print $ bool true
+print $ bool false
+print $ bool yes
+print $ bool no
+print $ bool 1
+print $ bool 0

samples/Cirru/map.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+print $ map
+  a $ int 5
+  b $ array (int 1) (int 2)
+  c $ map
+    int 1
+    array (int 4)
+
+set m $ map
+  a $ int 1
+
+set m b $ int 2
+
+print m

samples/Cirru/number.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+print $ int 1
+print $ float 1.2

samples/Cirru/require.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+require ./stdio.cr

samples/Cirru/scope.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+set a (int 2)
+
+print (self)
+
+set c (child)
+
+under c
+  under parent
+    print a
+
+print $ get c a
+
+set c x (int 3)
+print $ get c x
+
+set just-print $ code
+  print a
+
+print just-print
+
+eval (self) just-print
+eval just-print

samples/Cirru/stdio.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+
+set a $ string 1
+print a
+
+print (string 1)
+
+print nothing
+
+print
+  map
+    a (int 4)
+    b $ map
+      a $ int 5
+      b $ int 6
+      c $ map
+        int 7
+
+print
+  array
+    int 1
+    int 2
+    array
+      int 3
+      int 4
+
+print
+  array
+    int 1
+    map
+      a $ int 2
+      b $ array
+        int 3
+
+print
+  int 1
+  int 2
+
+print $ code
+  set a 1
+  print (get a)
+  print $ array
+    int a
+    array
+      int a
+
+set container (map)
+set container code $ code
+  set a 1
+  print (get a)
+  print $ array
+    int a
+    array
+      int a
+
+print container

samples/Cirru/string.cirru

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+print $ string a
+print $ string "a b"

samples/Clojure/for.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+(defn prime? [n]
+   (not-any? zero? (map #(rem n %) (range 2 n))))
+
+(range 3 33 2)
+'(3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31)
+
+;; :when continues through the collection even if some have the
+;; condition evaluate to false, like filter
+(for [x (range 3 33 2) :when (prime? x)]
+   x)
+'(3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31)
+
+;; :while stops at the first collection element that evaluates to
+;; false, like take-while
+(for [x (range 3 33 2) :while (prime? x)]
+   x)
+'(3 5 7)

samples/Clojure/hiccup.hic

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[:html
+ [:head
+  [:meta {:charset "utf-8"}]
+  [:link {:rel "stylesheet" :href "css/bootstrap.min.css"}]
+  [:script {:src "app.js"}]]
+ [:body
+  [:div.nav
+   [:p "Hello world!"]]]]

samples/Clojure/into-array.cljc

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+(defn into-array
+  ([aseq]
+     (into-array nil aseq))
+  ([type aseq]
+     (let [n (count aseq)
+           a (make-array n)]
+       (loop [aseq (seq aseq)
+              i 0]
+         (if (< i n)
+           (do
+             (aset a i (first aseq))
+             (recur (next aseq) (inc i)))
+           a)))))

samples/Clojure/protocol.cljs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+(defprotocol ISound (sound []))
+ 
+(deftype Cat []
+  ISound
+  (sound [_] "Meow!"))
+ 
+(deftype Dog []
+  ISound
+  (sound [_] "Woof!"))
+ 
+(extend-type default
+  ISound
+  (sound [_] "... silence ..."))
+ 
+(sound 1) ;; => "... silence ..."

samples/Clojure/rand.cljscm

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+(defn rand
+  "Returns a random floating point number between 0 (inclusive) and
+  n (default 1) (exclusive)."
+  ([] (scm* [n] (random-real)))
+  ([n] (* (rand) n)))

samples/Clojure/svg.cljx

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+^:clj (ns c2.svg
+        (:use [c2.core :only [unify]]
+              [c2.maths :only [Pi Tau radians-per-degree
+                               sin cos mean]]))
+
+^:cljs (ns c2.svg
+         (:use [c2.core :only [unify]]
+               [c2.maths :only [Pi Tau radians-per-degree
+                                sin cos mean]])
+         (:require [c2.dom :as dom]))
+
+;;Stub for float fn, which does not exist on cljs runtime
+^:cljs (def float identity)
+
+(defn ->xy
+  "Convert coordinates (potentially map of `{:x :y}`) to 2-vector."
+  [coordinates]
+  (cond
+   (and (vector? coordinates) (= 2 (count coordinates))) coordinates
+   (map? coordinates) [(:x coordinates) (:y coordinates)]))

samples/Clojure/unit-test.cl2

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+(deftest function-tests
+  (is (= 3
+         (count [1 2 3])))
+  (is (= false
+         (not true)))
+  (is (= true
+         (contains? {:foo 1 :bar 2} :foo)))
+
+  (is (= {"foo" 1, "baz" 3}
+         (select-keys {:foo 1 :bar 2 :baz 3} [:foo :baz])))
+
+  (is (= [1 2 3]
+         (vals {:foo 1 :bar 2 :baz 3})))
+
+  (is (= ["foo" "bar" "baz"]
+         (keys {:foo 1 :bar 2 :baz 3})))
+
+  (is (= [2 4 6]
+         (filter (fn [x] (=== (rem x 2) 0)) [1 2 3 4 5 6]))))
+

samples/Common Lisp/sample.lisp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+;;;; -*- lisp -*-
+
+(in-package :foo)
+
+;;; Header comment.
+(defvar *foo*)
+
+(eval-when (:execute :compile-toplevel :load-toplevel)
+  (defun add (x &optional y &key z)
+    (declare (ignore z))
+    ;; Inline comment.
+    (+ x (or y 1))))
+
+#|
+Multi-line comment.
+|#
+
+(defmacro foo (x &body b)
+  (if x
+      `(1+ ,x)   ;After-line comment.
+      42))

samples/Cuda/scalarProd_kernel.cuh

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+__global__ void scalarProdGPU(
+    float *d_C,
+    float *d_A,
+    float *d_B,
+    int vectorN,
+    int elementN
+)
+{
+    //Accumulators cache
+    __shared__ float accumResult[ACCUM_N];
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Cycle through every pair of vectors,
+    // taking into account that vector counts can be different
+    // from total number of thread blocks
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    for (int vec = blockIdx.x; vec < vectorN; vec += gridDim.x)
+    {
+        int vectorBase = IMUL(elementN, vec);
+        int vectorEnd  = vectorBase + elementN;
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Each accumulator cycles through vectors with
+        // stride equal to number of total number of accumulators ACCUM_N
+        // At this stage ACCUM_N is only preferred be a multiple of warp size
+        // to meet memory coalescing alignment constraints.
+        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        for (int iAccum = threadIdx.x; iAccum < ACCUM_N; iAccum += blockDim.x)
+        {
+            float sum = 0;
+
+            for (int pos = vectorBase + iAccum; pos < vectorEnd; pos += ACCUM_N)
+                sum += d_A[pos] * d_B[pos];
+
+            accumResult[iAccum] = sum;
+        }
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Perform tree-like reduction of accumulators' results.
+        // ACCUM_N has to be power of two at this stage
+        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        for (int stride = ACCUM_N / 2; stride > 0; stride >>= 1)
+        {
+            __syncthreads();
+
+            for (int iAccum = threadIdx.x; iAccum < stride; iAccum += blockDim.x)
+                accumResult[iAccum] += accumResult[stride + iAccum];
+        }
+
+        if (threadIdx.x == 0) d_C[vec] = accumResult[0];
+    }
+}

samples/Cuda/vectorAdd.cu

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <cuda_runtime.h>
+
+/**
+ * CUDA Kernel Device code
+ *
+ * Computes the vector addition of A and B into C. The 3 vectors have the same
+ * number of elements numElements.
+ */
+__global__ void
+vectorAdd(const float *A, const float *B, float *C, int numElements)
+{
+    int i = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
+
+    if (i < numElements)
+    {
+        C[i] = A[i] + B[i];
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Host main routine
+ */
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    // Error code to check return values for CUDA calls
+    cudaError_t err = cudaSuccess;
+
+    // Launch the Vector Add CUDA Kernel
+    int threadsPerBlock = 256;
+    int blocksPerGrid =(numElements + threadsPerBlock - 1) / threadsPerBlock;
+    vectorAdd<<<blocksPerGrid, threadsPerBlock>>>(d_A, d_B, d_C, numElements);
+    err = cudaGetLastError();
+
+    if (err != cudaSuccess)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to launch vectorAdd kernel (error code %s)!\n", cudaGetErrorString(err));
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    // Reset the device and exit
+    err = cudaDeviceReset();
+
+    return 0;
+}

samples/DM/example.dm

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// This is a single line comment.
+/*
+	This is a multi-line comment
+*/
+
+// Pre-processor keywords
+
+#define PI 3.1415
+
+#if PI == 4
+
+#define G 5
+
+#elif PI == 3
+
+#define I 6
+
+#else
+
+#define K 7
+
+#endif
+
+
+var/GlobalCounter = 0
+var/const/CONST_VARIABLE = 2
+var/list/MyList = list("anything", 1, new /datum/entity)
+var/list/EmptyList[99] // creates a list of 99 null entries
+var/list/NullList = null
+
+/*
+	Entity Class
+*/
+
+/datum/entity
+	var/name = "Entity"
+	var/number = 0
+
+/datum/entity/proc/myFunction()
+	world.log << "Entity has called myFunction"
+
+/datum/entity/New()
+	number = GlobalCounter++
+
+/*
+	Unit Class, Extends from Entity
+*/
+
+/datum/entity/unit
+	name = "Unit"
+
+/datum/entity/unit/New()
+	..() // calls the parent's proc; equal to super() and base() in other languages
+	number = rand(1, 99)
+
+/datum/entity/unit/myFunction()
+	world.log << "Unit has overriden and called myFunction"
+
+// Global Function
+/proc/ReverseList(var/list/input)
+	var/list/output = list()
+	for(var/i = input.len; i >= 1; i--) // IMPORTANT: List Arrays count from 1.
+		output += input[i] // "+= x" is ".Add(x)"
+	return output
+
+// Bitflags
+/proc/DoStuff()
+	var/bitflag = 0
+	bitflag |= 8
+	return bitflag
+
+/proc/DoOtherStuff()
+	var/bitflag = 65535 // 16 bits is the maximum amount
+	bitflag &= ~8
+	return bitflag
+
+// Logic
+/proc/DoNothing()
+	var/pi = PI
+	if(pi == 4)
+		world.log << "PI is 4"
+	else if(pi == CONST_VARIABLE)
+		world.log << "PI is [CONST_VARIABLE]!"
+	else
+		world.log << "PI is approximety [pi]"
+
+#undef PI // Undefine PI

samples/Dart/point.dart

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
+import 'dart:math' as math;
+
 class Point {
+  num x, y;
+
   Point(this.x, this.y);
-  distanceTo(Point other) {
+
+  num distanceTo(Point other) {
     var dx = x - other.x;
     var dy = y - other.y;
-    return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+    return math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
   }
-  var x, y;
 }
 
-main() {
-  Point p = new Point(2, 3);
-  Point q = new Point(3, 4);
+void main() {
+  var p = new Point(2, 3);
+  var q = new Point(3, 4);
   print('distance from p to q = ${p.distanceTo(q)}');
 }

samples/Gosu/hello.gsp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-print("hello")

samples/Hy/fibonacci.hy

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+;; Fibonacci example in Hy.
+
+(defn fib [n]
+  (if (<= n 2) n
+      (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+
+(if (= __name__ "__main__")
+  (for [x [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]]
+    (print (fib x))))

samples/Hy/hello-world.hy

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+;; The concurrent.futures example in Hy.
+
+(import [concurrent.futures [ThreadPoolExecutor as-completed]]
+        [random [randint]]
+        [sh [sleep]])
+
+(defn task-to-do []
+  (sleep (randint 1 5)))
+
+(with-as (ThreadPoolExecutor 10) executor
+  (setv jobs (list-comp (.submit executor task-to-do) (x (range 0 10))))
+  (for (future (as-completed jobs))
+    (.result future)))

samples/IDL/mg_acosh.pro

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+; docformat = 'rst'
+
+;+
+; Inverse hyperbolic cosine. Uses the formula:
+; 
+; $$\text{acosh}(z) = \ln(z + \sqrt{z + 1} \sqrt{z - 1})$$
+;
+; :Examples:
+;    The arc hyperbolic sine function looks like::
+;
+;       IDL> x = 2.5 * findgen(1000) / 999. + 1.
+;       IDL> plot, x, mg_acosh(x), xstyle=1
+;
+;    This should look like:
+;
+;    .. image:: acosh.png
+;
+; :Returns:
+;    float, double, complex, or double complex depending on the input
+;
+; :Params:
+;    z : in, required, type=numeric
+;       input
+;-
+function mg_acosh, z
+  compile_opt strictarr
+  
+  return, alog(z + sqrt(z + 1) * sqrt(z - 1))
+end

samples/IDL/mg_analysis.dlm

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+MODULE mg_analysis
+DESCRIPTION Tools for analysis
+VERSION 1.0
+SOURCE mgalloy
+BUILD_DATE January 18, 2011
+
+FUNCTION MG_ARRAY_EQUAL      2 2 KEYWORDS
+FUNCTION MG_TOTAL            1 1
+

samples/IDL/mg_gcd.pro

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; docformat = 'rst'
+
+;+
+; Find the greatest common denominator (GCD) for two positive integers.
+; 
+; :Returns:
+;    integer
+;
+; :Params:
+;    a : in, required, type=integer
+;       first integer
+;    b : in, required, type=integer
+;       second integer
+;-
+function mg_gcd, a, b
+  compile_opt strictarr
+  on_error, 2
+  
+  if (n_params() ne 2) then message, 'incorrect number of arguments'
+  if (~mg_isinteger(a) || ~mg_isinteger(b)) then begin
+    message, 'integer arguments required'
+  endif
+  
+  _a = abs(a)
+  _b = abs(b)
+  minArg = _a < _b
+  maxArg = _a > _b
+  
+  if (minArg eq 0) then return, maxArg
+  
+  remainder = maxArg mod minArg
+  if (remainder eq 0) then return, minArg
+  
+  return, mg_gcd(minArg, remainder)
+end

samples/IDL/mg_trunc.pro

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+; docformat = 'rst'
+
+;+
+; Truncate argument towards 0.0, i.e., takes the `FLOOR` of positive values
+; and the `CEIL` of negative values.
+;
+; :Examples:
+;   Try the main-level program at the end of this file. It does::
+;
+;      IDL> print, mg_trunc([1.2, -1.2, 0.0])
+;                 1          -1           0
+;      IDL> print, floor([1.2, -1.2, 0.0])
+;                 1          -2           0
+;      IDL> print, ceil([1.2, -1.2, 0.0])
+;                 2          -1           0
+;
+; :Returns:
+;    array of same type as argument
+;
+; :Params:
+;    x : in, required, type=float/double
+;       array containing values to truncate
+;-
+function mg_trunc, x
+  compile_opt strictarr
+  
+  result = ceil(x)
+  posInd = where(x gt 0, nposInd)
+  
+  if (nposInd gt 0L) then begin
+    result[posInd] = floor(x[posInd])
+  endif
+  
+  return, result
+end
+
+
+; main-level example program
+
+print, mg_trunc([1.2, -1.2, 0.0])
+
+end

samples/Idris/Chars.idr

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+module Prelude.Char
+
+import Builtins
+
+isUpper : Char -> Bool
+isUpper x = x >= 'A' && x <= 'Z'
+
+isLower : Char -> Bool
+isLower x = x >= 'a' && x <= 'z'
+
+isAlpha : Char -> Bool
+isAlpha x = isUpper x || isLower x
+
+isDigit : Char -> Bool
+isDigit x = (x >= '0' && x <= '9')
+
+isAlphaNum : Char -> Bool
+isAlphaNum x = isDigit x || isAlpha x
+
+isSpace : Char -> Bool
+isSpace x = x == ' '  || x == '\t' || x == '\r' ||
+            x == '\n' || x == '\f' || x == '\v' ||
+            x == '\xa0'
+
+isNL : Char -> Bool
+isNL x = x == '\r' || x == '\n'
+
+toUpper : Char -> Char
+toUpper x = if (isLower x)
+               then (prim__intToChar (prim__charToInt x - 32))
+               else x
+
+toLower : Char -> Char
+toLower x = if (isUpper x)
+               then (prim__intToChar (prim__charToInt x + 32))
+               else x
+
+isHexDigit : Char -> Bool
+isHexDigit x = elem (toUpper x) hexChars where
+  hexChars : List Char
+  hexChars = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+              'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']

samples/JSON/composer.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+{
+    "_readme": [
+        "This file locks the dependencies of your project to a known state",
+        "Read more about it at http://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#composer-lock-the-lock-file"
+    ],
+    "hash": "d8ff8fcb71824f5199f3499bf71862f1",
+    "packages": [
+        {
+            "name": "arbit/system-process",
+            "version": "1.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/Arbitracker/system-process.git",
+                "reference": "1.0"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Arbitracker/system-process/zipball/1.0",
+                "reference": "1.0",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-0": {
+                    "SystemProcess": "src/main/php/"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "http://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "description": "System process execution library",
+            "time": "2013-03-31 12:42:56"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "pdepend/staticReflection",
+            "version": "0.1",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/manuelpichler/staticReflection.git",
+                "reference": "origin/master"
+            },
+            "type": "library"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "qafoo/rmf",
+            "version": "dev-master",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/Qafoo/REST-Micro-Framework.git",
+                "reference": "5f43983f15a8aa12be42ad6068675d4008bfb9ed"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Qafoo/REST-Micro-Framework/zipball/5f43983f15a8aa12be42ad6068675d4008bfb9ed",
+                "reference": "5f43983f15a8aa12be42ad6068675d4008bfb9ed",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-0": {
+                    "Qafoo\\RMF": "src/main/"
+                }
+            },
+            "description": "Very simple VC framework which makes it easy to build HTTP applications / REST webservices",
+            "support": {
+                "source": "https://github.com/Qafoo/REST-Micro-Framework/tree/master",
+                "issues": "https://github.com/Qafoo/REST-Micro-Framework/issues"
+            },
+            "time": "2012-12-07 13:33:01"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "twig/twig",
+            "version": "1.6.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "git://github.com/fabpot/Twig.git",
+                "reference": "v1.6.0"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://github.com/fabpot/Twig/zipball/v1.6.0",
+                "reference": "v1.6.0",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": ">=5.2.4"
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-0": {
+                    "Twig_": "lib/"
+                }
+            },
+            "license": [
+                "BSD"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "Fabien Potencier",
+                    "email": "fabien@symfony.com"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Armin Ronacher",
+                    "email": "armin.ronacher@active-4.com"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "Twig, the flexible, fast, and secure template language for PHP",
+            "homepage": "http://twig.sensiolabs.org",
+            "keywords": [
+                "templating"
+            ],
+            "time": "2012-02-03 23:34:52"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "twitter/bootstrap",
+            "version": "0.1",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/twitter/bootstrap/",
+                "reference": "origin/master"
+            },
+            "type": "library"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "zetacomponents/base",
+            "version": "1.8",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/zetacomponents/Base.git",
+                "reference": "1.8"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://github.com/zetacomponents/Base/zipball/1.8",
+                "reference": "1.8",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "classmap": [
+                    "src"
+                ]
+            },
+            "license": [
+                "apache2"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "Sergey Alexeev"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Sebastian Bergmann"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Jan Borsodi"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Raymond Bosman"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Frederik Holljen"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Kore Nordmann"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Derick Rethans"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Vadym Savchuk"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Tobias Schlitt"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Alexandru Stanoi"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "The Base package provides the basic infrastructure that all packages rely on. Therefore every component relies on this package.",
+            "homepage": "https://github.com/zetacomponents",
+            "time": "2009-12-21 04:14:16"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "zetacomponents/graph",
+            "version": "1.5",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/zetacomponents/Graph.git",
+                "reference": "1.5"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://github.com/zetacomponents/Graph/zipball/1.5",
+                "reference": "1.5",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "classmap": [
+                    "src"
+                ]
+            },
+            "license": [
+                "apache2"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "Sergey Alexeev"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Sebastian Bergmann"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Jan Borsodi"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Raymond Bosman"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Frederik Holljen"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Kore Nordmann"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Derick Rethans"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Vadym Savchuk"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Tobias Schlitt"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Alexandru Stanoi"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Lars Jankowski"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Elger Thiele"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Michael Maclean"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "A component for creating pie charts, line graphs and other kinds of diagrams.",
+            "homepage": "https://github.com/zetacomponents",
+            "time": "2009-12-21 04:26:17"
+        }
+    ],
+    "packages-dev": [
+
+    ],
+    "aliases": [
+
+    ],
+    "minimum-stability": "stable",
+    "stability-flags": {
+        "qafoo/rmf": 20,
+        "arbit/system-process": 0
+    },
+    "platform": [
+
+    ],
+    "platform-dev": [
+
+    ]
+}

samples/JSON5/example.json5

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * The following is a contrived example, but it illustrates most of the features:
+ */
+
+{
+    foo: 'bar',
+    while: true,
+
+    this: 'is a \
+multi-line string',
+
+    // this is an inline comment
+    here: 'is another', // inline comment
+
+    /* this is a block comment
+       that continues on another line */
+
+    hex: 0xDEADbeef,
+    half: .5,
+    delta: +10,
+    to: Infinity,   // and beyond!
+
+    finally: 'a trailing comma',
+    oh: [
+        "we shouldn't forget",
+        'arrays can have',
+        'trailing commas too',
+    ],
+}

samples/JSON5/package.json5

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// This file is written in JSON5 syntax, naturally, but npm needs a regular
+// JSON file, so compile via `npm run build`. Be sure to keep both in sync!
+
+{
+    name: 'json5',
+    version: '0.2.0',
+    description: 'JSON for the ES5 era.',
+    keywords: ['json', 'es5'],
+    author: 'Aseem Kishore <aseem.kishore@gmail.com>',
+    contributors: [
+        'Max Nanasy <max.nanasy@gmail.com>',
+    ],
+    main: 'lib/json5.js',
+    bin: 'lib/cli.js',
+    dependencies: {},
+    devDependencies: {
+        mocha: '~1.0.3',
+    },
+    scripts: {
+        build: './lib/cli.js -c package.json5',
+        test: 'mocha --ui exports --reporter spec',
+    },
+    homepage: 'http://json5.org/',
+    repository: {
+        type: 'git',
+        url: 'https://github.com/aseemk/json5.git',
+    },
+}

samples/JSONLD/sample.jsonld

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "@context": {
+    "property": "http://example.com/vocab#property"
+  },
+  "@id": "../document-relative",
+  "@type": "#document-relative",
+  "property": {
+    "@context": {
+      "@base": "http://example.org/test/"
+    },
+    "@id": "../document-base-overwritten",
+    "@type": "#document-base-overwritten",
+    "property": [
+      {
+        "@context": null,
+        "@id": "../document-relative",
+        "@type": "#document-relative",
+        "property": "context completely reset, drops property"
+      },
+      {
+        "@context": {
+          "@base": null
+        },
+        "@id": "../document-relative",
+        "@type": "#document-relative",
+        "property": "only @base is cleared"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

samples/Jade/hello.jade

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+p.
+  Hello,
+  World!

samples/KRL/helloworld.krl

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ruleset sample {
+  meta {
+    name "Hello World"
+    description <<
+Hello world
+>>
+    author "Phil Windley"
+  }
+
+  // just one rule
+  rule hello {
+    select when web pageview
+    notify("Hello world!", "Just a note to say hello");
+  }
+}

samples/Literate Agda/NatCat.lagda

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+\documentclass{article}
+
+ % The following packages are needed because unicode
+ % is translated (using the next set of packages) to
+ % latex commands. You may need more packages if you
+ % use more unicode characters:
+
+ \usepackage{amssymb}
+ \usepackage{bbm}
+ \usepackage[greek,english]{babel}
+
+ % This handles the translation of unicode to latex:
+
+ \usepackage{ucs}
+ \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
+ \usepackage{autofe}
+
+ % Some characters that are not automatically defined
+ % (you figure out by the latex compilation errors you get),
+ % and you need to define:
+
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{8988}{\ensuremath{\ulcorner}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{8989}{\ensuremath{\urcorner}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{8803}{\ensuremath{\overline{\equiv}}}
+
+ % Add more as you need them (shouldn’t happen often).
+
+ % Using “\newenvironment” to redefine verbatim to
+ % be called “code” doesn’t always work properly. 
+ % You can more reliably use:
+
+ \usepackage{fancyvrb}
+
+ \DefineVerbatimEnvironment
+   {code}{Verbatim}
+   {} % Add fancy options here if you like.
+
+ \begin{document}
+
+ \begin{code}
+module NatCat where
+
+open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
+
+-- If you can show that a relation only ever has one inhabitant
+-- you get the category laws for free
+module
+  EasyCategory
+  (obj : Set)
+  (_⟶_ : obj → obj → Set)
+  (_∘_ : ∀ {x y z} → x ⟶ y → y ⟶ z → x ⟶ z)
+  (id : ∀ x → x ⟶ x)
+  (single-inhabitant : (x y : obj) (r s : x ⟶ y) → r ≡ s)
+  where
+
+  idʳ : ∀ x y (r : x ⟶ y) → r ∘ id y ≡ r
+  idʳ x y r = single-inhabitant x y (r ∘ id y) r 
+
+  idˡ : ∀ x y (r : x ⟶ y) → id x ∘ r ≡ r
+  idˡ x y r = single-inhabitant x y (id x ∘ r) r
+
+  ∘-assoc : ∀ w x y z (r : w ⟶ x) (s : x ⟶ y) (t : y ⟶ z) → (r ∘ s) ∘ t ≡ r ∘ (s ∘ t)
+  ∘-assoc w x y z r s t = single-inhabitant w z ((r ∘ s) ∘ t) (r ∘ (s ∘ t))
+
+open import Data.Nat
+
+same : (x y : ℕ) (r s : x ≤ y) → r ≡ s
+same .0 y z≤n z≤n = refl
+same .(suc m) .(suc n) (s≤s {m} {n} r) (s≤s s) = cong s≤s (same m n r s)
+
+≤-trans : ∀ x y z → x ≤ y → y ≤ z → x ≤ z
+≤-trans .0 y z z≤n s = z≤n
+≤-trans .(suc m) .(suc n) .(suc n₁) (s≤s {m} {n} r) (s≤s {.n} {n₁} s) = s≤s (≤-trans m n n₁ r s)
+
+≤-refl : ∀ x → x ≤ x
+≤-refl zero = z≤n
+≤-refl (suc x) = s≤s (≤-refl x)
+
+module Nat-EasyCategory = EasyCategory ℕ _≤_ (λ {x}{y}{z} → ≤-trans x y z) ≤-refl same
+ \end{code}
+
+ \end{document} 

samples/Mask/view.mask

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+// HTML Elements
+header {
+    
+    img .logo src='/images/~[currentLogo].png' alt=logo;
+    
+    h4 > 'Bar View'
+    
+    if (currentUser) {
+        
+        .account >
+            a href='/acount' >
+                'Hello, ~[currentUser.username]'
+    }
+}
+
+.view {
+    ul {
+       
+        // Iteration
+        for ((user, index) of users) {
+            
+            li.user data-id='~[user.id]' {
+                
+                // interpolation
+                .name > '~[ user.username ]'
+                
+                // expression
+                .count > '~[: user.level.toFixed(2) ]'
+                
+                // util
+                /* Localization sample
+                 * lastActivity: "Am {0:dd. MM} war der letzte Eintrag"
+                 */
+                .date > '~[ L: "lastActivity",  user.date]'
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Component
+    :countdownComponent {
+        input type = text >
+            :dualbind value='number';
+            
+        button x-signal='click: countdownStart' > 'Start';
+        
+        h5 {
+            '~[bind: number]'
+            
+            :animation x-slot='countdownStart' {
+                @model > 'transition | scale(0) > scale(1) | 500ms'
+                @next  > 'background-color | red > blue | 2s linear'
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+footer > :bazCompo {
+    
+    'Component generated at ~[: $u.format($c.date, "HH-mm") ]'
+}

samples/Matlab/cross_validation.m

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+function [ error ] = cross_validation(x,y,hyper_parameter)
+    
+    num_data = size(x,1);
+
+    K = 10;
+    indices = crossvalind('Kfold', num_data, K);
+
+    errors = zeros(K,1);
+    for i = 1:K
+        % get indices
+        test_idx = (indices == i);
+        train_idx = ~test_idx;
+
+        % get training data
+        x_train = x(train_idx,:);
+        y_train = y(train_idx,:);
+
+        % train
+        w = train(x_train, y_train, hyper_parameter);
+
+        % get test data
+        x_test = x(test_idx,:);
+        y_test = y(test_idx,:);
+        
+        % calculate error
+        errors(i) = calc_cost(x_test, y_test, w, hyper_parameter); %calc_error
+        %errors(i) = calc_error(x_test, y_test, w);
+    end
+    
+    error = mean(errors);
+end

samples/Matlab/normalize.m

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+function [ d, d_mean, d_std ] = normalize( d )
+    d_mean = mean(d);
+    d = d - repmat(d_mean, size(d,1), 1);
+    d_std = std(d);
+    d = d./ repmat(d_std, size(d,1), 1);
+end

samples/NetLogo/Life.nlogo

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+patches-own [
+  living?         ;; indicates if the cell is living
+  live-neighbors  ;; counts how many neighboring cells are alive
+]
+
+to setup-blank
+  clear-all
+  ask patches [ cell-death ]
+  reset-ticks
+end
+
+to setup-random
+  clear-all
+  ask patches
+    [ ifelse random-float 100.0 < initial-density
+      [ cell-birth ]
+      [ cell-death ] ]
+  reset-ticks
+end
+
+to cell-birth
+  set living? true
+  set pcolor fgcolor
+end
+
+to cell-death
+  set living? false
+  set pcolor bgcolor
+end
+
+to go
+  ask patches
+    [ set live-neighbors count neighbors with [living?] ]
+  ;; Starting a new "ask patches" here ensures that all the patches
+  ;; finish executing the first ask before any of them start executing
+  ;; the second ask.  This keeps all the patches in synch with each other,
+  ;; so the births and deaths at each generation all happen in lockstep.
+  ask patches
+    [ ifelse live-neighbors = 3
+      [ cell-birth ]
+      [ if live-neighbors != 2
+        [ cell-death ] ] ]
+  tick
+end
+
+to draw-cells
+  let erasing? [living?] of patch mouse-xcor mouse-ycor
+  while [mouse-down?]
+    [ ask patch mouse-xcor mouse-ycor
+      [ ifelse erasing?
+        [ cell-death ]
+        [ cell-birth ] ]
+      display ]
+end
+

samples/OpenCL/sample.cl

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* Old-style comment. */
+
+// New-style comment.
+
+typedef float foo_t;
+
+#ifndef ZERO
+#define ZERO (0.0)
+#endif
+
+#define FOO(x) ((x) + \
+  ZERO)
+
+__kernel
+void foo(__global const foo_t * x, __local foo_t y, const uint n)
+{
+  barrier(CLK_LOCAL_MEM_FENCE);
+
+  if (n > 42) {
+    *x += y;
+  }
+}
+

samples/Oxygene/Loops.oxygene

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<Project DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <RootNamespace>Loops</RootNamespace>
+    <OutputType>exe</OutputType>
+    <AssemblyName>Loops</AssemblyName>
+    <AllowGlobals>False</AllowGlobals>
+    <AllowLegacyOutParams>False</AllowLegacyOutParams>
+    <AllowLegacyCreate>False</AllowLegacyCreate>
+    <ApplicationIcon>Properties\App.ico</ApplicationIcon>
+    <Configuration Condition="'$(Configuration)' == ''">Release</Configuration>
+    <ProjectGuid>{916BD89C-B610-4CEE-9CAF-C515D88E2C94}</ProjectGuid>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'Debug' ">
+    <DefineConstants>DEBUG;TRACE;</DefineConstants>
+    <OutputPath>.\bin\Debug</OutputPath>
+    <GeneratePDB>True</GeneratePDB>
+    <GenerateMDB>True</GenerateMDB>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'Release' ">
+    <OutputPath>.\bin\Release</OutputPath>
+    <EnableAsserts>False</EnableAsserts>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\RemObjects Software\Oxygene\RemObjects.Oxygene.targets" />
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib">
+      <HintPath>$(Framework)\mscorlib.dll</HintPath>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System">
+      <HintPath>$(Framework)\System.dll</HintPath>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System.Core">
+      <HintPath>$(ProgramFiles)\Reference Assemblies\Microsoft\Framework\v3.5\System.Core.dll</HintPath>
+      <Private>True</Private>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System.Data">
+      <HintPath>$(Framework)\System.Data.dll</HintPath>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System.Xml">
+      <HintPath>$(Framework)\System.Xml.dll</HintPath>
+    </Reference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="Program.pas" />
+    <Content Include="Properties\App.ico" />
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.pas" />
+    <EmbeddResource Include="Properties\Resources.resx">
+      <Generator>ResXFileCodeGenerator</Generator>
+    </EmbeddResource>
+    <Compile Include="Properties\Resources.Designer.pas" />
+    <None Include="Properties\Settings.settings">
+      <Generator>SettingsSingleFileGenerator</Generator>
+    </None>
+    <Compile Include="Properties\Settings.Designer.pas" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>

samples/PAWN/grandlarc.pwn

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// GRAND LARCENY 1.0
+// A freeroam gamemode for SA-MP 0.3
+//
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#include <a_samp>
+#include <core>
+#include <float>
+#include "../include/gl_common.inc"
+#include "../include/gl_spawns.inc"
+
+#pragma tabsize 0
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#define COLOR_WHITE                 0xFFFFFFFF
+#define COLOR_NORMAL_PLAYER 0xFFBB7777
+
+#define CITY_LOS_SANTOS         0
+#define CITY_SAN_FIERRO         1
+#define CITY_LAS_VENTURAS         2
+
+new total_vehicles_from_files=0;
+
+// Class selection globals
+new gPlayerCitySelection[MAX_PLAYERS];
+new gPlayerHasCitySelected[MAX_PLAYERS];
+new gPlayerLastCitySelectionTick[MAX_PLAYERS];
+
+new Text:txtClassSelHelper;
+new Text:txtLosSantos;
+new Text:txtSanFierro;
+new Text:txtLasVenturas;
+
+new thisanimid=0;
+new lastanimid=0;
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+main()
+{
+        print("\n---------------------------------------");
+        print("Running Grand Larceny - by the SA-MP team\n");
+        print("---------------------------------------\n");
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnPlayerConnect(playerid)
+{
+        GameTextForPlayer(playerid,"~w~Grand Larceny",3000,4);
+          SendClientMessage(playerid,COLOR_WHITE,"Welcome to {88AA88}G{FFFFFF}rand {88AA88}L{FFFFFF}arceny");
+          
+          // class selection init vars
+          gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] = -1;
+        gPlayerHasCitySelected[playerid] = 0;
+        gPlayerLastCitySelectionTick[playerid] = GetTickCount();
+
+        //SetPlayerColor(playerid,COLOR_NORMAL_PLAYER);
+
+        //Kick(playerid);
+        
+        /*
+        Removes vending machines
+        RemoveBuildingForPlayer(playerid, 1302, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6000.0);
+        RemoveBuildingForPlayer(playerid, 1209, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6000.0);
+        RemoveBuildingForPlayer(playerid, 955, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6000.0);
+        RemoveBuildingForPlayer(playerid, 1775, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6000.0);
+        RemoveBuildingForPlayer(playerid, 1776, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6000.0);
+        */
+        
+        /*
+        new ClientVersion[32];
+        GetPlayerVersion(playerid, ClientVersion, 32);
+        printf("Player %d reports client version: %s", playerid, ClientVersion);*/
+
+         return 1;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnPlayerSpawn(playerid)
+{
+        if(IsPlayerNPC(playerid)) return 1;
+        
+        new randSpawn = 0;
+        
+        SetPlayerInterior(playerid,0);
+        TogglePlayerClock(playerid,0);
+         ResetPlayerMoney(playerid);
+        GivePlayerMoney(playerid, 30000);
+
+        if(CITY_LOS_SANTOS == gPlayerCitySelection[playerid]) {
+          randSpawn = random(sizeof(gRandomSpawns_LosSantos));
+          SetPlayerPos(playerid,
+                 gRandomSpawns_LosSantos[randSpawn][0],
+                 gRandomSpawns_LosSantos[randSpawn][1],
+                 gRandomSpawns_LosSantos[randSpawn][2]);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,gRandomSpawns_LosSantos[randSpawn][3]);
+        }
+        else if(CITY_SAN_FIERRO == gPlayerCitySelection[playerid]) {
+          randSpawn = random(sizeof(gRandomSpawns_SanFierro));
+          SetPlayerPos(playerid,
+                 gRandomSpawns_SanFierro[randSpawn][0],
+                 gRandomSpawns_SanFierro[randSpawn][1],
+                 gRandomSpawns_SanFierro[randSpawn][2]);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,gRandomSpawns_SanFierro[randSpawn][3]);
+        }
+        else if(CITY_LAS_VENTURAS == gPlayerCitySelection[playerid]) {
+          randSpawn = random(sizeof(gRandomSpawns_LasVenturas));
+          SetPlayerPos(playerid,
+                 gRandomSpawns_LasVenturas[randSpawn][0],
+                 gRandomSpawns_LasVenturas[randSpawn][1],
+                 gRandomSpawns_LasVenturas[randSpawn][2]);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,gRandomSpawns_LasVenturas[randSpawn][3]);
+        }
+
+        //SetPlayerColor(playerid,COLOR_NORMAL_PLAYER);
+        
+        SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_PISTOL,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_PISTOL_SILENCED,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_DESERT_EAGLE,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_SHOTGUN,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_SAWNOFF_SHOTGUN,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_SPAS12_SHOTGUN,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_MICRO_UZI,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_MP5,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_AK47,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_M4,200);
+    SetPlayerSkillLevel(playerid,WEAPONSKILL_SNIPERRIFLE,200);
+    
+    GivePlayerWeapon(playerid,WEAPON_COLT45,100);
+        //GivePlayerWeapon(playerid,WEAPON_MP5,100);
+        TogglePlayerClock(playerid, 0);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnPlayerDeath(playerid, killerid, reason)
+{
+    new playercash;
+    
+    // if they ever return to class selection make them city
+        // select again first
+        gPlayerHasCitySelected[playerid] = 0;
+    
+        if(killerid == INVALID_PLAYER_ID) {
+        ResetPlayerMoney(playerid);
+        } else {
+                playercash = GetPlayerMoney(playerid);
+                if(playercash > 0) {
+                        GivePlayerMoney(killerid, playercash);
+                        ResetPlayerMoney(playerid);
+                }
+        }
+           return 1;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_SetupCharSelection(playerid)
+{
+           if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_LOS_SANTOS) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,11);
+                SetPlayerPos(playerid,508.7362,-87.4335,998.9609);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,0.0);
+            SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,508.7362,-83.4335,998.9609);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,508.7362,-87.4335,998.9609);
+        }
+        else if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_SAN_FIERRO) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,3);
+                SetPlayerPos(playerid,-2673.8381,1399.7424,918.3516);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,181.0);
+            SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,-2673.2776,1394.3859,918.3516);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,-2673.8381,1399.7424,918.3516);
+        }
+        else if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_LAS_VENTURAS) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,3);
+                SetPlayerPos(playerid,349.0453,193.2271,1014.1797);
+                SetPlayerFacingAngle(playerid,286.25);
+            SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,352.9164,194.5702,1014.1875);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,349.0453,193.2271,1014.1797);
+        }
+        
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+// Used to init textdraws of city names
+
+ClassSel_InitCityNameText(Text:txtInit)
+{
+          TextDrawUseBox(txtInit, 0);
+        TextDrawLetterSize(txtInit,1.25,3.0);
+        TextDrawFont(txtInit, 0);
+        TextDrawSetShadow(txtInit,0);
+    TextDrawSetOutline(txtInit,1);
+    TextDrawColor(txtInit,0xEEEEEEFF);
+    TextDrawBackgroundColor(txtClassSelHelper,0x000000FF);
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_InitTextDraws()
+{
+    // Init our observer helper text display
+        txtLosSantos = TextDrawCreate(10.0, 380.0, "Los Santos");
+        ClassSel_InitCityNameText(txtLosSantos);
+        txtSanFierro = TextDrawCreate(10.0, 380.0, "San Fierro");
+        ClassSel_InitCityNameText(txtSanFierro);
+        txtLasVenturas = TextDrawCreate(10.0, 380.0, "Las Venturas");
+        ClassSel_InitCityNameText(txtLasVenturas);
+
+    // Init our observer helper text display
+        txtClassSelHelper = TextDrawCreate(10.0, 415.0,
+         " Press ~b~~k~~GO_LEFT~ ~w~or ~b~~k~~GO_RIGHT~ ~w~to switch cities.~n~ Press ~r~~k~~PED_FIREWEAPON~ ~w~to select.");
+        TextDrawUseBox(txtClassSelHelper, 1);
+        TextDrawBoxColor(txtClassSelHelper,0x222222BB);
+        TextDrawLetterSize(txtClassSelHelper,0.3,1.0);
+        TextDrawTextSize(txtClassSelHelper,400.0,40.0);
+        TextDrawFont(txtClassSelHelper, 2);
+        TextDrawSetShadow(txtClassSelHelper,0);
+    TextDrawSetOutline(txtClassSelHelper,1);
+    TextDrawBackgroundColor(txtClassSelHelper,0x000000FF);
+    TextDrawColor(txtClassSelHelper,0xFFFFFFFF);
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_SetupSelectedCity(playerid)
+{
+        if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == -1) {
+                gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] = CITY_LOS_SANTOS;
+        }
+        
+        if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_LOS_SANTOS) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,0);
+                   SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,1630.6136,-2286.0298,110.0);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,1887.6034,-1682.1442,47.6167);
+                
+                TextDrawShowForPlayer(playerid,txtLosSantos);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtSanFierro);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLasVenturas);
+        }
+        else if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_SAN_FIERRO) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,0);
+                   SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,-1300.8754,68.0546,129.4823);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,-1817.9412,769.3878,132.6589);
+                
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLosSantos);
+                TextDrawShowForPlayer(playerid,txtSanFierro);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLasVenturas);
+        }
+        else if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == CITY_LAS_VENTURAS) {
+                SetPlayerInterior(playerid,0);
+                   SetPlayerCameraPos(playerid,1310.6155,1675.9182,110.7390);
+                SetPlayerCameraLookAt(playerid,2285.2944,1919.3756,68.2275);
+                
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLosSantos);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtSanFierro);
+                TextDrawShowForPlayer(playerid,txtLasVenturas);
+        }
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_SwitchToNextCity(playerid)
+{
+    gPlayerCitySelection[playerid]++;
+        if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] > CITY_LAS_VENTURAS) {
+         gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] = CITY_LOS_SANTOS;
+        }
+        PlayerPlaySound(playerid,1052,0.0,0.0,0.0);
+        gPlayerLastCitySelectionTick[playerid] = GetTickCount();
+        ClassSel_SetupSelectedCity(playerid);
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_SwitchToPreviousCity(playerid)
+{
+    gPlayerCitySelection[playerid]--;
+        if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] < CITY_LOS_SANTOS) {
+         gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] = CITY_LAS_VENTURAS;
+        }
+        PlayerPlaySound(playerid,1053,0.0,0.0,0.0);
+        gPlayerLastCitySelectionTick[playerid] = GetTickCount();
+        ClassSel_SetupSelectedCity(playerid);
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ClassSel_HandleCitySelection(playerid)
+{
+        new Keys,ud,lr;
+    GetPlayerKeys(playerid,Keys,ud,lr);
+    
+    if(gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] == -1) {
+                ClassSel_SwitchToNextCity(playerid);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        // only allow new selection every ~500 ms
+        if( (GetTickCount() - gPlayerLastCitySelectionTick[playerid]) < 500 ) return;
+        
+        if(Keys & KEY_FIRE) {
+         gPlayerHasCitySelected[playerid] = 1;
+         TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtClassSelHelper);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLosSantos);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtSanFierro);
+                TextDrawHideForPlayer(playerid,txtLasVenturas);
+         TogglePlayerSpectating(playerid,0);
+         return;
+        }
+        
+        if(lr > 0) {
+         ClassSel_SwitchToNextCity(playerid);
+        }
+        else if(lr < 0) {
+         ClassSel_SwitchToPreviousCity(playerid);
+        }
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnPlayerRequestClass(playerid, classid)
+{
+        if(IsPlayerNPC(playerid)) return 1;
+
+        if(gPlayerHasCitySelected[playerid]) {
+                ClassSel_SetupCharSelection(playerid);
+                return 1;
+        } else {
+                if(GetPlayerState(playerid) != PLAYER_STATE_SPECTATING) {
+                        TogglePlayerSpectating(playerid,1);
+                    TextDrawShowForPlayer(playerid, txtClassSelHelper);
+                    gPlayerCitySelection[playerid] = -1;
+                }
+          }
+    
+        return 0;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnGameModeInit()
+{
+        SetGameModeText("Grand Larceny");
+        ShowPlayerMarkers(PLAYER_MARKERS_MODE_GLOBAL);
+        ShowNameTags(1);
+        SetNameTagDrawDistance(40.0);
+        EnableStuntBonusForAll(0);
+        DisableInteriorEnterExits();
+        SetWeather(2);
+        SetWorldTime(11);
+
+        //UsePlayerPedAnims();
+        //ManualVehicleEngineAndLights();
+        //LimitGlobalChatRadius(300.0);
+        
+        ClassSel_InitTextDraws();
+
+        // Player Class
+        AddPlayerClass(281,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(282,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(283,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(284,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(285,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(286,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(287,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(288,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(289,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(265,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(266,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(267,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(268,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(269,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(270,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(1,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(2,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(3,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(4,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(5,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(6,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(8,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(42,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(65,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        //AddPlayerClass(74,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(86,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(119,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+         AddPlayerClass(149,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(208,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(273,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(289,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        
+        AddPlayerClass(47,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(48,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(49,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(50,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(51,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(52,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(53,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(54,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(55,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(56,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(57,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(58,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+           AddPlayerClass(68,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(69,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(70,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(71,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(72,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(73,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(75,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(76,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(78,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(79,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(80,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(81,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(82,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(83,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(84,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(85,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(87,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(88,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(89,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(91,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(92,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(93,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(95,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(96,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(97,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(98,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+        AddPlayerClass(99,1759.0189,-1898.1260,13.5622,266.4503,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1);
+
+        // SPECIAL
+        total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/trains.txt");
+        total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/pilots.txt");
+
+           // LAS VENTURAS
+     total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/lv_law.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/lv_airport.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/lv_gen.txt");
+    
+    // SAN FIERRO
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/sf_law.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/sf_airport.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/sf_gen.txt");
+    
+    // LOS SANTOS
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/ls_law.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/ls_airport.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/ls_gen_inner.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/ls_gen_outer.txt");
+    
+    // OTHER AREAS
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/whetstone.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/bone.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/flint.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/tierra.txt");
+    total_vehicles_from_files += LoadStaticVehiclesFromFile("vehicles/red_county.txt");
+
+    printf("Total vehicles from files: %d",total_vehicles_from_files);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+public OnPlayerUpdate(playerid)
+{
+        if(!IsPlayerConnected(playerid)) return 0;
+        if(IsPlayerNPC(playerid)) return 1;
+
+        // changing cities by inputs
+        if( !gPlayerHasCitySelected[playerid] &&
+         GetPlayerState(playerid) == PLAYER_STATE_SPECTATING ) {
+         ClassSel_HandleCitySelection(playerid);
+         return 1;
+        }
+        
+        // No weapons in interiors
+        if(GetPlayerInterior(playerid) != 0 && GetPlayerWeapon(playerid) != 0) {
+         SetPlayerArmedWeapon(playerid,0); // fists
+         return 0; // no syncing until they change their weapon
+        }
+        
+        // Don't allow minigun
+        if(GetPlayerWeapon(playerid) == WEAPON_MINIGUN) {
+         Kick(playerid);
+         return 0;
+        }
+        
+        /* No jetpacks allowed
+        if(GetPlayerSpecialAction(playerid) == SPECIAL_ACTION_USEJETPACK) {
+         Kick(playerid);
+         return 0;
+        }*/
+
+        /* For testing animations
+    new msg[128+1];
+        new animlib[32+1];
+        new animname[32+1];
+
+        thisanimid = GetPlayerAnimationIndex(playerid);
+        if(lastanimid != thisanimid)
+        {
+                GetAnimationName(thisanimid,animlib,32,animname,32);
+                format(msg, 128, "anim(%d,%d): %s %s", lastanimid, thisanimid, animlib, animname);
+                lastanimid = thisanimid;
+                SendClientMessage(playerid, 0xFFFFFFFF, msg);
+        }*/
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------

samples/Perl6/RoleQ.pm6

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+role q {
+    token stopper { \' }
+
+    token escape:sym<\\> { <sym> <item=.backslash> }
+
+    token backslash:sym<qq> { <?before 'q'> <quote=.LANG('MAIN','quote')> }
+    token backslash:sym<\\> { <text=.sym> }
+    token backslash:sym<stopper> { <text=.stopper> }
+
+    token backslash:sym<miscq> { {} . }
+
+    method tweak_q($v) { self.panic("Too late for :q") }
+    method tweak_qq($v) { self.panic("Too late for :qq") }
+}
+
+role qq does b1 does c1 does s1 does a1 does h1 does f1 {
+    token stopper { \" }
+    token backslash:sym<unrec> { {} (\w) { self.throw_unrecog_backslash_seq: $/[0].Str } }
+    token backslash:sym<misc> { \W }
+
+    method tweak_q($v) { self.panic("Too late for :q") }
+    method tweak_qq($v) { self.panic("Too late for :qq") }
+}

samples/Perl6/grammar-test.p6

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+token pod_formatting_code {
+    $<code>=<[A..Z]>
+    '<' { $*POD_IN_FORMATTINGCODE := 1 }
+    $<content>=[ <!before '>'> <pod_string_character> ]+
+    '>' { $*POD_IN_FORMATTINGCODE := 0 }
+}
+
+token pod_string {
+    <pod_string_character>+
+}
+
+token something:sym«<» {
+    <!>
+}
+
+token name {
+    <!>
+}
+
+token comment:sym<#> {
+   '#' {} \N*
+}

samples/Perl6/test.p6

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl6
+
+use v6;
+
+my $string = 'I look like a # comment!';
+
+if $string eq 'foo' {
+    say 'hello';
+}
+
+regex http-verb {
+      'GET'
+    | 'POST'
+    | 'PUT'
+    | 'DELETE'
+    | 'TRACE'
+    | 'OPTIONS'
+    | 'HEAD'
+}
+
+# a sample comment
+
+say 'Hello from Perl 6!'
+
+
+#`{
+multi-line comment!
+}
+
+say 'here';
+
+#`(
+multi-line comment!
+)
+
+say 'here';
+
+#`{{{
+I'm a special comment!
+}}}
+
+say 'there';
+
+#`{{
+I'm { even } specialer!
+}}
+
+say 'there';
+
+#`{{
+does {{nesting}} work?
+}}
+
+#`«<
+trying mixed delimiters
+»
+
+my $string = qq<Hooray, arbitrary delimiter!>;
+my $string = qq«Hooray, arbitrary delimiter!»;
+my $string = q <now with whitespace!>;
+my $string = qq<<more strings>>;
+
+my %hash := Hash.new;
+
+=begin pod
+
+Here's some POD!  Wooo
+
+=end pod
+
+=for Testing
+    This is POD (see? role isn't highlighted)
+
+say('this is not!');
+
+=table
+    Of role things
+
+say('not in your table');
+#= A single line declarator "block" (with a keyword like role)
+#| Another single line declarator "block" (with a keyword like role)
+#={
+    A declarator block (with a keyword like role)
+  }
+#|{
+    Another declarator block (with a keyword like role)
+  }
+#= { A single line declarator "block" with a brace (with a keyword like role)
+#=«
+    More declarator blocks! (with a keyword like role)
+  »
+#|«
+    More declarator blocks! (with a keyword like role)
+  »
+
+say 'Moar code!';
+
+my $don't = 16;
+
+sub don't($x) {
+    !$x
+}
+
+say don't 'foo';
+
+my %hash = (
+    :foo(1),
+);
+
+say %hash<foo>;
+say %hash<<foo>>;
+say %hash«foo»;
+
+say %*hash<foo>;
+say %*hash<<foo>>;
+say %*hash«foo»;
+
+say $<todo>;
+say $<todo>;
+
+for (@A Z @B) -> $a, $b {
+    say $a + $b;
+}
+
+Q:PIR {
+    .loadlib "somelib"
+}
+
+my $longstring = q/
+    lots
+    of
+    text
+/;
+
+my $heredoc = q:to/END_SQL/;
+SELECT * FROM Users
+WHERE first_name = 'Rob'
+END_SQL
+my $hello;
+
+# Fun with regexen
+
+if 'food' ~~ /foo/ {
+    say 'match!'
+}
+
+my $re  = /foo/;
+my $re2 = m/ foo /;
+my $re3 = m:i/ FOO /;
+
+call-a-sub(/ foo /);
+call-a-sub(/ foo \/ bar /);
+
+my $re4    = rx/something | something-else/;
+my $result = ms/regexy stuff/;
+my $sub0   = s/regexy stuff/more stuff/;
+my $sub    = ss/regexy stuff/more stuff/;
+my $trans  = tr/regexy stuff/more stuff/;
+
+my @values = <a b c d>;
+call-sub(<a b c d>);
+call-sub <a b c d>;
+
+my $result = $a < $b;
+
+for <a b c d> -> $letter {
+    say $letter;
+}
+
+sub test-sub {
+    say @_;
+    say $!;
+    say $/;
+    say $0;
+    say $1;
+    say @*ARGS;
+    say $*ARGFILES;
+    say &?BLOCK;
+    say ::?CLASS;
+    say $?CLASS;
+    say @=COMMENT;
+    say %?CONFIG;
+    say $*CWD;
+    say $=data;
+    say %?DEEPMAGIC;
+    say $?DISTRO;
+    say $*DISTRO;
+    say $*EGID;
+    say %*ENV;
+    say $*ERR;
+    say $*EUID;
+    say $*EXECUTABLE_NAME;
+    say $?FILE;
+    say $?GRAMMAR;
+    say $*GID;
+    say $*IN;
+    say @*INC;
+    say %?LANG;
+    say $*LANG;
+    say $?LINE;
+    say %*META-ARGS;
+    say $?MODULE;
+    say %*OPTS;
+    say %*OPT;
+    say $?KERNEL;
+    say $*KERNEL;
+    say $*OUT;
+    say $?PACKAGE;
+    say $?PERL;
+    say $*PERL;
+    say $*PID;
+    say %=pod;
+    say $*PROGRAM_NAME;
+    say %*PROTOCOLS;
+    say ::?ROLE;
+    say $?ROLE;
+    say &?ROUTINE;
+    say $?SCOPE;
+    say $*TZ;
+    say $*UID;
+    say $?USAGE;
+    say $?VM;
+    say $?XVM;
+}
+
+say <a b c>;
+
+my $perl5_re = m:P5/ fo{2} /;
+my $re5      = rx«something | something-else»;
+
+my $M := %*COMPILING<%?OPTIONS><M>;
+
+say $M;
+
+sub regex-name { ... }
+my $pair = role-name => 'foo';
+$pair = rolesque => 'foo';
+
+my sub something(Str:D $value) { ... }
+
+my $s = q«<
+some
+string
+stuff
+»;
+
+my $regex = m«< some chars »;
+# after
+
+say $/<foo><bar>;
+
+roleq;