Merge branch 'master' into 815-update

Conflicts:
	lib/linguist/samples.json

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 Gemfile.lock
+.bundle/
+vendor/

.travis.yml

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ before_install:
   - sudo apt-get install libicu-dev -y
   - gem update --system 2.1.11
 rvm:
-  - 1.8.7
-  - 1.9.2
   - 1.9.3
   - 2.0.0
-  - ree
+  - 2.1.1
 notifications:
   disabled: true

Gemfile

@@ -1,7 +1,2 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
-
-if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9.3"
-  # escape_utils 1.0.0 requires 1.9.3 and above
-  gem "escape_utils", "0.3.2"
-end

README.md

@@ -106,8 +106,50 @@ To update the `samples.json` after adding new files to [`samples/`](https://gith
 
     bundle exec rake samples
 
+### A note on language extensions
+
+Linguist has a number of methods available to it for identifying the language of a particular file. The initial lookup is based upon the extension of the file, possible file extensions are defined in an array called `extensions`. Take a look at this example for example for `Perl`:
+
+```
+Perl:
+  type: programming
+  ace_mode: perl
+  color: "#0298c3"
+  extensions:
+  - .pl
+  - .PL
+  - .perl
+  - .ph
+  - .plx
+  - .pm
+  - .pod
+  - .psgi
+  interpreters:
+  - perl
+```
+Any of the extensions defined are valid but the first in this array should be the most popular.
+
 ### Testing
 
 Sometimes getting the tests running can be too much work, especially if you don't have much Ruby experience. It's okay: be lazy and let our build bot [Travis](http://travis-ci.org/#!/github/linguist) run the tests for you. Just open a pull request and the bot will start cranking away.
 
 Here's our current build status, which is hopefully green: [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/github/linguist.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/github/linguist)
+
+### Releasing
+
+If you are the current maintainer of this gem:
+
+ 0. Create a branch for the release: `git checkout -b cut-release-vxx.xx.xx`
+ 0. Make sure your local dependencies are up to date: `bundle install`
+ 0. Ensure that samples are updated: `bundle exec rake samples`
+ 0. Ensure that tests are green: `bundle exec rake test`
+ 0. Bump gem version in github-linguist.gemspec.  For example, [like this](https://github.com/github/linguist/commit/97908204a385940e47251af9ecb689e8f6515c48).
+ 0. Make a PR to github/linguist.  For example, [#1075](https://github.com/github/linguist/pull/1075).
+ 0. Build a local gem: `gem build github-linguist.gemspec`
+ 0. Testing:
+   0. Bump the Gemfile and Gemfile.lock versions for an app which relies on this gem
+   0. Install the new gem locally
+   0. Test behavior locally, branch deploy, whatever needs to happen
+ 0. Merge github/linguist PR
+ 0. Tag and push: `git tag vx.xx.xx; git push --tags`
+ 0. Push to rubygems.org -- `gem push github-linguist-2.10.12.gem`

github-linguist.gemspec

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+require File.expand_path('../lib/linguist/version', __FILE__)
+
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name    = 'github-linguist'
-  s.version = '2.10.12'
+  s.version = Linguist::VERSION
   s.summary = "GitHub Language detection"
   s.description = 'We use this library at GitHub to detect blob languages, highlight code, ignore binary files, suppress generated files in diffs, and generate language breakdown graphs.'
 
@@ -11,8 +13,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.files = Dir['lib/**/*']
   s.executables << 'linguist'
 
-  s.add_dependency 'charlock_holmes', '~> 0.6.6'
-  s.add_dependency 'escape_utils',    '>= 0.3.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'charlock_holmes', '~> 0.7.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'escape_utils',    '~> 1.0.1'
   s.add_dependency 'mime-types',      '~> 1.19'
   s.add_dependency 'pygments.rb',     '~> 0.5.4'
 

lib/linguist.rb

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ require 'linguist/heuristics'
 require 'linguist/language'
 require 'linguist/repository'
 require 'linguist/samples'
+require 'linguist/version'

lib/linguist/blob_helper.rb

@@ -241,7 +241,25 @@ module Linguist
     def lines
       @lines ||=
         if viewable? && data
-          data.split(/\r\n|\r|\n/, -1)
+          # `data` is usually encoded as ASCII-8BIT even when the content has
+          # been detected as a different encoding. However, we are not allowed
+          # to change the encoding of `data` because we've made the implicit
+          # guarantee that each entry in `lines` is encoded the same way as
+          # `data`.
+          #
+          # Instead, we re-encode each possible newline sequence as the
+          # detected encoding, then force them back to the encoding of `data`
+          # (usually a binary encoding like ASCII-8BIT). This means that the
+          # byte sequence will match how newlines are likely encoded in the
+          # file, but we don't have to change the encoding of `data` as far as
+          # Ruby is concerned. This allows us to correctly parse out each line
+          # without changing the encoding of `data`, and
+          # also--importantly--without having to duplicate many (potentially
+          # large) strings.
+          encoded_newlines = ["\r\n", "\r", "\n"].
+            map { |nl| nl.encode(encoding).force_encoding(data.encoding) }
+
+          data.split(Regexp.union(encoded_newlines), -1)
         else
           []
         end

lib/linguist/heuristics.rb

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ module Linguist
         if languages.all? { |l| ["Common Lisp", "OpenCL"].include?(l) }
           disambiguate_cl(data, languages)
         end
+        if languages.all? { |l| ["Rebol", "R"].include?(l) }
+          disambiguate_r(data, languages)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -73,6 +76,13 @@ module Linguist
       matches
     end
 
+    def self.disambiguate_r(data, languages)
+      matches = []
+      matches << Language["Rebol"] if /\bRebol\b/i.match(data)
+      matches << Language["R"] if data.include?("<-")
+      matches
+    end
+
     def self.active?
       !!ACTIVE
     end

lib/linguist/language.rb

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module Linguist
     @extension_index          = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     @interpreter_index        = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     @filename_index           = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
-    @primary_extension_index  = {}
 
     # Valid Languages types
     TYPES = [:data, :markup, :programming, :prose]
@@ -80,12 +79,6 @@ module Linguist
         @extension_index[extension] << language
       end
 
-      if @primary_extension_index.key?(language.primary_extension)
-        raise ArgumentError, "Duplicate primary extension: #{language.primary_extension}"
-      end
-
-      @primary_extension_index[language.primary_extension] = language
-
       language.interpreters.each do |interpreter|
         @interpreter_index[interpreter] << language
       end
@@ -191,8 +184,7 @@ module Linguist
     # Returns all matching Languages or [] if none were found.
     def self.find_by_filename(filename)
       basename, extname = File.basename(filename), File.extname(filename)
-      langs = [@primary_extension_index[extname]] +
-              @filename_index[basename] +
+      langs = @filename_index[basename] +
               @extension_index[extname]
       langs.compact.uniq
     end
@@ -299,15 +291,6 @@ module Linguist
       @interpreters = attributes[:interpreters]   || []
       @filenames  = attributes[:filenames]  || []
 
-      unless @primary_extension = attributes[:primary_extension]
-        raise ArgumentError, "#{@name} is missing primary extension"
-      end
-
-      # Prepend primary extension unless its already included
-      if primary_extension && !extensions.include?(primary_extension)
-        @extensions = [primary_extension] + extensions
-      end
-
       # Set popular, and searchable flags
       @popular    = attributes.key?(:popular)    ? attributes[:popular]    : false
       @searchable = attributes.key?(:searchable) ? attributes[:searchable] : true
@@ -395,20 +378,6 @@ module Linguist
     # Returns the extensions Array
     attr_reader :extensions
 
-    # Deprecated: Get primary extension
-    #
-    # Defaults to the first extension but can be overridden
-    # in the languages.yml.
-    #
-    # The primary extension can not be nil. Tests should verify this.
-    #
-    # This attribute is only used by app/helpers/gists_helper.rb for
-    # creating the language dropdown. It really should be using `name`
-    # instead. Would like to drop primary extension.
-    #
-    # Returns the extension String.
-    attr_reader :primary_extension
-
     # Public: Get interpreters
     #
     # Examples
@@ -426,6 +395,27 @@ module Linguist
     #
     # Returns the extensions Array
     attr_reader :filenames
+    
+    # Public: Return all possible extensions for language
+    def all_extensions
+      (extensions + [primary_extension]).uniq
+    end
+
+    # Deprecated: Get primary extension
+    #
+    # Defaults to the first extension but can be overridden
+    # in the languages.yml.
+    #
+    # The primary extension can not be nil. Tests should verify this.
+    #
+    # This method is only used by app/helpers/gists_helper.rb for creating
+    # the language dropdown. It really should be using `name` instead.
+    # Would like to drop primary extension.
+    #
+    # Returns the extension String.
+    def primary_extension
+      extensions.first
+    end
 
     # Public: Get URL escaped name.
     #
@@ -568,9 +558,8 @@ module Linguist
       :group_name        => options['group'],
       :searchable        => options.key?('searchable') ? options['searchable'] : true,
       :search_term       => options['search_term'],
-      :extensions        => options['extensions'].sort,
+      :extensions        => [options['extensions'].first] + options['extensions'][1..-1].sort,
       :interpreters      => options['interpreters'].sort,
-      :primary_extension => options['primary_extension'],
       :filenames         => options['filenames'],
       :popular           => popular.include?(name)
     )

lib/linguist/vendor.yml

@@ -98,9 +98,16 @@
 # AngularJS
 - (^|/)angular([^.]*)(\.min)?\.js$
 
+# D3.js
+- (^|\/)d3(\.v\d+)?([^.]*)(\.min)?\.js$
+
 # React
 - (^|/)react(-[^.]*)?(\.min)?\.js$
 
+# Modernizr
+- (^|/)modernizr\-\d\.\d+(\.\d+)?(\.min)?\.js$
+- (^|/)modernizr\.custom\.\d+\.js$
+
 ## Python ##
 
 # django
@@ -131,6 +138,7 @@
 
 # Visual Studio IntelliSense
 - -vsdoc\.js$
+- \.intellisense\.js$
 
 # jQuery validation plugin (MS bundles this with asp.net mvc)
 - (^|/)jquery([^.]*)\.validate(\.unobtrusive)?(\.min)?\.js$
@@ -140,7 +148,7 @@
 - (^|/)[Mm]icrosoft([Mm]vc)?([Aa]jax|[Vv]alidation)(\.debug)?\.js$
 
 # NuGet
-- ^[Pp]ackages/
+- ^[Pp]ackages\/.+\.\d+\/
 
 # ExtJS
 - (^|/)extjs/.*?\.js$
@@ -185,3 +193,6 @@
 
 # .DS_Store's
 - .[Dd][Ss]_[Ss]tore$
+
+# Mercury --use-subdirs
+- Mercury/

lib/linguist/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Linguist
+  VERSION = "2.11.1"
+end

samples/Alloy/file_system.als

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module examples/systems/file_system
+
+/*
+ * Model of a generic file system.
+ */
+
+abstract sig Object {}
+
+sig Name {}
+
+sig File extends Object {} { some d: Dir | this in d.entries.contents }
+
+sig Dir extends Object {
+  entries: set DirEntry,
+  parent: lone Dir
+} {
+  parent = this.~@contents.~@entries
+  all e1, e2 : entries | e1.name = e2.name => e1 = e2
+  this !in this.^@parent
+  this != Root => Root in this.^@parent
+}
+
+one sig Root extends Dir {} { no parent }
+
+lone sig Cur extends Dir {}
+
+sig DirEntry {
+  name: Name,
+  contents: Object
+} {
+  one this.~entries
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * all directories besides root have one parent
+ */
+pred OneParent_buggyVersion {
+    all d: Dir - Root | one d.parent
+}
+
+/**
+ * all directories besides root have one parent
+ */
+pred OneParent_correctVersion {
+    all d: Dir - Root | (one d.parent && one contents.d)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Only files may be linked (that is, have more than one entry)
+ * That is, all directories are the contents of at most one directory entry
+ */
+pred NoDirAliases {
+    all o: Dir | lone o.~contents
+}
+
+check { OneParent_buggyVersion => NoDirAliases } for 5 expect 1
+
+check { OneParent_correctVersion => NoDirAliases } for 5 expect 0

samples/Alloy/marksweepgc.als

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+module examples/systems/marksweepgc
+
+/*
+ * Model of mark and sweep garbage collection.
+ */
+
+// a node in the heap
+sig Node {}
+
+sig HeapState {
+  left, right : Node -> lone Node,
+  marked : set Node,
+  freeList : lone Node
+}
+
+pred clearMarks[hs, hs' : HeapState] {
+  // clear marked set
+  no hs'.marked
+  // left and right fields are unchanged
+  hs'.left = hs.left
+  hs'.right = hs.right
+}
+
+/**
+ * simulate the recursion of the mark() function using transitive closure
+ */
+fun reachable[hs: HeapState, n: Node] : set Node {
+  n + n.^(hs.left + hs.right)
+}
+
+pred mark[hs: HeapState, from : Node, hs': HeapState] {
+  hs'.marked = hs.reachable[from]
+  hs'.left = hs.left
+  hs'.right = hs.right
+}
+
+/**
+ * complete hack to simulate behavior of code to set freeList
+ */
+pred setFreeList[hs, hs': HeapState] {
+  // especially hackish
+  hs'.freeList.*(hs'.left) in (Node - hs.marked)
+  all n: Node |
+    (n !in hs.marked) => {
+      no hs'.right[n]
+      hs'.left[n] in (hs'.freeList.*(hs'.left))
+      n in hs'.freeList.*(hs'.left)
+    } else {
+      hs'.left[n] = hs.left[n]
+      hs'.right[n] = hs.right[n]
+    }
+  hs'.marked = hs.marked
+}
+
+pred GC[hs: HeapState, root : Node, hs': HeapState] {
+  some hs1, hs2: HeapState |
+    hs.clearMarks[hs1] && hs1.mark[root, hs2] && hs2.setFreeList[hs']
+}
+
+assert Soundness1 {
+  all h, h' : HeapState, root : Node |
+    h.GC[root, h'] =>
+      (all live : h.reachable[root] | {
+        h'.left[live] = h.left[live]
+        h'.right[live] = h.right[live]
+      })
+}
+
+assert Soundness2 {
+  all h, h' : HeapState, root : Node |
+    h.GC[root, h'] =>
+      no h'.reachable[root] & h'.reachable[h'.freeList]
+}
+
+assert Completeness {
+  all h, h' : HeapState, root : Node |
+    h.GC[root, h'] =>
+      (Node - h'.reachable[root]) in h'.reachable[h'.freeList]
+}
+
+check Soundness1 for 3 expect 0
+check Soundness2 for 3 expect 0
+check Completeness for 3 expect 0

samples/Alloy/views.als

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+module examples/systems/views
+
+/*
+ * Model of views in object-oriented programming.
+ *
+ * Two object references, called the view and the backing,
+ * are related by a view mechanism when changes to the
+ * backing are automatically propagated to the view. Note
+ * that the state of a view need not be a projection of the
+ * state of the backing; the keySet method of Map, for
+ * example, produces two view relationships, and for the
+ * one in which the map is modified by changes to the key
+ * set, the value of the new map cannot be determined from
+ * the key set. Note that in the iterator view mechanism,
+ * the iterator is by this definition the backing object,
+ * since changes are propagated from iterator to collection
+ * and not vice versa. Oddly, a reference may be a view of
+ * more than one backing: there can be two iterators on the
+ * same collection, eg. A reference cannot be a view under
+ * more than one view type.
+ *
+ * A reference is made dirty when it is a backing for a view
+ * with which it is no longer related by the view invariant.
+ * This usually happens when a view is modified, either
+ * directly or via another backing. For example, changing a
+ * collection directly when it has an iterator invalidates
+ * it, as does changing the collection through one iterator
+ * when there are others.
+ *
+ * More work is needed if we want to model more closely the
+ * failure of an iterator when its collection is invalidated.
+ *
+ * As a terminological convention, when there are two
+ * complementary view relationships, we will give them types
+ * t and t'. For example, KeySetView propagates from map to
+ * set, and KeySetView' propagates from set to map.
+ *
+ * author: Daniel Jackson
+ */
+
+open util/ordering[State] as so
+open util/relation as rel
+
+sig Ref {}
+sig Object {}
+
+-- t->b->v in views when v is view of type t of backing b
+-- dirty contains refs that have been invalidated
+sig State {
+  refs: set Ref,
+  obj: refs -> one Object,
+  views: ViewType -> refs -> refs,
+  dirty: set refs
+--  , anyviews: Ref -> Ref -- for visualization
+  }
+-- {anyviews = ViewType.views}
+
+sig Map extends Object {
+  keys: set Ref,
+  map: keys -> one Ref
+  }{all s: State |  keys + Ref.map in s.refs}
+sig MapRef extends Ref {}
+fact {State.obj[MapRef] in Map}
+
+sig Iterator extends Object {
+  left, done: set Ref,
+  lastRef: lone done
+  }{all s: State | done + left + lastRef in s.refs}
+sig IteratorRef extends Ref {}
+fact {State.obj[IteratorRef] in Iterator}
+
+sig Set extends Object {
+  elts: set Ref
+  }{all s: State | elts in s.refs}
+sig SetRef extends Ref {}
+fact {State.obj[SetRef] in Set}
+
+abstract sig ViewType {}
+one sig KeySetView, KeySetView', IteratorView extends ViewType {}
+fact ViewTypes {
+  State.views[KeySetView] in MapRef -> SetRef
+  State.views[KeySetView'] in SetRef -> MapRef
+  State.views[IteratorView] in IteratorRef -> SetRef
+  all s: State | s.views[KeySetView] = ~(s.views[KeySetView'])
+  }
+
+/**
+ * mods is refs modified directly or by view mechanism
+ * doesn't handle possibility of modifying an object and its view at once?
+ * should we limit frame conds to non-dirty refs?
+ */
+pred modifies [pre, post: State, rs: set Ref] {
+  let vr = pre.views[ViewType], mods = rs.*vr {
+    all r: pre.refs - mods | pre.obj[r] = post.obj[r]
+    all b: mods, v: pre.refs, t: ViewType |
+      b->v in pre.views[t] => viewFrame [t, pre.obj[v], post.obj[v], post.obj[b]]
+    post.dirty = pre.dirty +
+      {b: pre.refs | some v: Ref, t: ViewType |
+          b->v in pre.views[t] && !viewFrame [t, pre.obj[v], post.obj[v], post.obj[b]]
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+pred allocates [pre, post: State, rs: set Ref] {
+  no rs & pre.refs
+  post.refs = pre.refs + rs
+  }
+
+/** 
+ * models frame condition that limits change to view object from v to v' when backing object changes to b'
+ */
+pred viewFrame [t: ViewType, v, v', b': Object] {
+  t in KeySetView => v'.elts = dom [b'.map]
+  t in KeySetView' => b'.elts = dom [v'.map]
+  t in KeySetView' => (b'.elts) <: (v.map) = (b'.elts) <: (v'.map)
+  t in IteratorView => v'.elts = b'.left + b'.done
+  }
+
+pred MapRef.keySet [pre, post: State, setRefs: SetRef] {
+  post.obj[setRefs].elts = dom [pre.obj[this].map]
+  modifies [pre, post, none]
+  allocates [pre, post, setRefs]
+  post.views = pre.views + KeySetView->this->setRefs + KeySetView'->setRefs->this
+  }
+
+pred MapRef.put [pre, post: State, k, v: Ref] {
+  post.obj[this].map = pre.obj[this].map ++ k->v
+  modifies [pre, post, this]
+  allocates [pre, post, none]
+  post.views = pre.views
+  }
+
+pred SetRef.iterator [pre, post: State, iterRef: IteratorRef] {
+  let i = post.obj[iterRef] {
+    i.left = pre.obj[this].elts
+    no i.done + i.lastRef
+    }
+  modifies [pre,post,none]
+  allocates [pre, post, iterRef]
+  post.views = pre.views + IteratorView->iterRef->this
+  }
+
+pred IteratorRef.remove [pre, post: State] {
+  let i = pre.obj[this], i' = post.obj[this] {
+    i'.left = i.left
+    i'.done = i.done - i.lastRef
+    no i'.lastRef
+    }
+  modifies [pre,post,this]
+  allocates [pre, post, none]
+  pre.views = post.views
+  }
+
+pred IteratorRef.next [pre, post: State, ref: Ref] {
+  let i = pre.obj[this], i' = post.obj[this] {
+    ref in i.left
+    i'.left = i.left - ref
+    i'.done = i.done + ref
+    i'.lastRef = ref
+    }
+  modifies [pre, post, this]
+  allocates [pre, post, none]
+  pre.views = post.views
+  }
+
+pred IteratorRef.hasNext [s: State] {
+  some s.obj[this].left
+  }
+
+assert zippishOK {
+  all
+    ks, vs: SetRef,
+    m: MapRef,
+    ki, vi: IteratorRef,
+    k, v: Ref |
+    let s0=so/first,
+    s1=so/next[s0],
+    s2=so/next[s1],
+    s3=so/next[s2],
+    s4=so/next[s3],
+    s5=so/next[s4],
+    s6=so/next[s5],
+    s7=so/next[s6] |
+  ({
+    precondition [s0, ks, vs, m]
+    no s0.dirty
+    ks.iterator [s0, s1, ki]
+    vs.iterator [s1, s2, vi]
+    ki.hasNext [s2]
+    vi.hasNext [s2]
+    ki.this/next [s2, s3, k]
+    vi.this/next [s3, s4, v]
+    m.put [s4, s5, k, v]
+    ki.remove [s5, s6]
+    vi.remove [s6, s7]
+  } => no State.dirty)
+  }
+
+pred precondition [pre: State, ks, vs, m: Ref] {
+  // all these conditions and other errors discovered in scope of 6 but 8,3
+  // in initial state, must have view invariants hold
+  (all t: ViewType, b, v: pre.refs |
+    b->v in pre.views[t] => viewFrame [t, pre.obj[v], pre.obj[v], pre.obj[b]])
+  // sets are not aliases
+--  ks != vs
+  // sets are not views of map
+--  no (ks+vs)->m & ViewType.pre.views
+  // no iterator currently on either set
+--  no Ref->(ks+vs) & ViewType.pre.views
+  }
+
+check zippishOK for 6 but 8 State, 3 ViewType expect 1
+
+/** 
+ * experiment with controlling heap size
+ */
+fact {all s: State | #s.obj < 5}

samples/C++/Math.inl

@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+/*
+===========================================================================
+The Open Game Libraries.
+Copyright (C) 2007-2010 Lusito Software
+
+Author:  Santo Pfingsten (TTK-Bandit)
+Purpose: Math namespace
+-----------------------------------------
+
+This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+arising from the use of this software.
+
+Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+   appreciated but is not required.
+
+2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+   misrepresented as being the original software.
+
+3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+===========================================================================
+*/
+
+#ifndef __OG_MATH_INL__
+#define __OG_MATH_INL__
+
+namespace og {
+
+/*
+==============================================================================
+
+  Math
+
+==============================================================================
+*/
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Abs
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::Abs( int i ) {
+#if 1
+	if ( i & 0x80000000 )
+		return 0x80000000 - (i & MASK_SIGNED);
+	return i;
+#else
+   int y = x >> 31;
+   return ( ( x ^ y ) - y );
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Fabs
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Fabs( float f ) {
+#if 1
+	uInt *pf = reinterpret_cast<uInt*>(&f);
+	*(pf) &= MASK_SIGNED;
+	return f;
+#else
+	return fabsf( f );
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Round
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Round( float f ) {
+	return floorf( f + 0.5f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Floor
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Floor( float f ) {
+	return floorf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Ceil
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Ceil( float f ) {
+	return ceilf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Ftoi
+
+ok since this is SSE, why should the other ftoi be the faster one ?
+and: we might need to add a check for SSE extensions..
+because sse isn't *really* faster (I actually read that GCC does not handle
+SSE extensions perfectly. I'll find the link and send it to you when you're online)
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::Ftoi( float f ) {
+	//! @todo	needs testing
+	// note: sse function cvttss2si
+#if OG_ASM_MSVC
+	int i;
+#if defined(OG_FTOI_USE_SSE)
+	if( SysInfo::cpu.general.SSE ) {
+		__asm cvttss2si	eax, f
+		__asm mov		i, eax
+		return i;
+	} else
+#endif
+	{
+		__asm fld		f
+		__asm fistp		i
+		//__asm mov eax, i // do we need this ? O_o
+	}
+	return i;
+#elif OG_ASM_GNU
+	int i;
+#if defined(OG_FTOI_USE_SSE)
+	if( SysInfo::cpu.general.SSE ) {
+		__asm__ __volatile__( "cvttss2si %1    \n\t"
+			: "=m" (i)
+			: "m" (f)
+		);
+	} else
+#endif
+	{
+		__asm__ __volatile__( "flds %1    \n\t"
+							  "fistpl %0  \n\t"
+			: "=m" (i)
+			: "m" (f)
+		);
+	}
+	return i;
+#else
+	// we use c++ cast instead of c cast (not sure why id did that)
+	return static_cast<int>(f);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::FtoiFast
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::FtoiFast( float f ) {
+#if OG_ASM_MSVC
+	int i;
+	__asm fld		f
+	__asm fistp		i
+	//__asm mov eax, i // do we need this ? O_o
+	return i;
+#elif OG_ASM_GNU
+	int i;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "flds %1    \n\t"
+						  "fistpl %0  \n\t"
+		: "=m" (i)
+		: "m" (f)
+	);
+	return i;
+#else
+	// we use c++ cast instead of c cast (not sure why id did that)
+	return static_cast<int>(f);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Ftol
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE long Math::Ftol( float f ) {
+#if OG_ASM_MSVC
+	long i;
+	__asm fld		f
+	__asm fistp		i
+	//__asm mov eax, i // do we need this ? O_o
+	return i;
+#elif OG_ASM_GNU
+	long i;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "flds %1    \n\t"
+						  "fistpl %0  \n\t"
+		: "=m" (i)
+		: "m" (f)
+	);
+	return i;
+#else
+	// we use c++ cast instead of c cast (not sure why id did that)
+	return static_cast<long>(f);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Sign
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Sign( float f )	{
+	if ( f > 0.0f )
+		return 1.0f;
+	if ( f < 0.0f )
+		return -1.0f;
+	return 0.0f;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Fmod
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Fmod( float numerator, float denominator ) {
+	return fmodf( numerator, denominator );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Modf
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Modf( float f, float& i ) {
+	return modff( f, &i );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::Modf( float f ) {
+	float i;
+	return modff( f, &i );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Sqrt
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Sqrt( float f ) {
+	return sqrtf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::InvSqrt
+
+Cannot be 0.0f
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::InvSqrt( float f ) {
+	OG_ASSERT( f != 0.0f );
+	return 1.0f / sqrtf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::RSqrt
+
+Can be 0.0f
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::RSqrt( float f ) {
+	float g = 0.5f * f;
+	int i = *reinterpret_cast<int *>(&f);
+
+	// do a guess
+	i = 0x5f375a86 - ( i>>1 );
+	f = *reinterpret_cast<float *>(&i);
+
+	// Newtons calculation
+	f = f * ( 1.5f - g * f * f );
+	return f;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Log/Log2/Log10
+
+Log of 0 is bad.
+I've also heard you're not really
+supposed to do log of negatives, yet
+they work fine.
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Log( float f ) {
+	OG_ASSERT( f != 0.0f );
+	return logf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::Log2( float f ) {
+	OG_ASSERT( f != 0.0f );
+	return INV_LN_2 * logf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::Log10( float f ) {
+	OG_ASSERT( f != 0.0f );
+	return INV_LN_10 * logf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Pow
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Pow( float base, float exp ) {
+	return powf( base, exp );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Exp
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Exp( float f ) {
+	return expf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::IsPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE bool Math::IsPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	// This is the faster of the two known methods
+	// with the x > 0 check moved to the beginning
+	return x > 0 && ( x & ( x - 1 ) ) == 0;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::HigherPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::HigherPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	x--;
+	x |= x >> 1;
+	x |= x >> 2;
+	x |= x >> 4;
+	x |= x >> 8;
+	x |= x >> 16;
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::LowerPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::LowerPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	return HigherPowerOfTwo( x ) >> 1;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::FloorPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::FloorPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	return IsPowerOfTwo( x ) ? x : LowerPowerOfTwo( x );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::CeilPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::CeilPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	return IsPowerOfTwo( x ) ? x : HigherPowerOfTwo( x );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::ClosestPowerOfTwo
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::ClosestPowerOfTwo( int x ) {
+	if ( IsPowerOfTwo( x ) )
+		return x;
+	int high = HigherPowerOfTwo( x );
+	int low = high >> 1;
+	return ((high-x) < (x-low)) ? high : low;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Digits
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::Digits( int x ) {
+	int digits = 1;
+	int step = 10;
+	while (step <= x) {
+		digits++;
+		step *= 10;
+	}
+	return digits;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Sin/ASin
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Sin( float f ) {
+	return sinf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::ASin( float f ) {
+	if ( f <= -1.0f )
+		return -HALF_PI;
+	if ( f >= 1.0f )
+		return HALF_PI;
+	return asinf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Cos/ACos
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Cos( float f ) {
+	return cosf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::ACos( float f ) {
+	if ( f <= -1.0f )
+		return PI;
+	if ( f >= 1.0f )
+		return 0.0f;
+	return acosf( f );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Tan/ATan
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Tan( float f ) {
+	return tanf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::ATan( float f ) {
+	return atanf( f );
+}
+OG_INLINE float Math::ATan( float f1, float f2 ) {
+	return atan2f( f1, f2 );
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::SinCos
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE void Math::SinCos( float f, float &s, float &c ) {
+#if OG_ASM_MSVC
+	// sometimes assembler is just waaayy faster
+	_asm {
+		fld		f
+		fsincos
+		mov		ecx, c
+		mov		edx, s
+		fstp	dword ptr [ecx]
+		fstp	dword ptr [edx]
+	}
+#elif OG_ASM_GNU
+	asm ("fsincos" : "=t" (c), "=u" (s) : "0" (f));
+#else
+	s = Sin(f);
+	c = Sqrt( 1.0f - s * s ); // faster than calling Cos(f)
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Deg2Rad
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Deg2Rad( float f ) {
+	return f * DEG_TO_RAD;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Rad2Deg
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Rad2Deg( float f ) {
+	return f * RAD_TO_DEG;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Square
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Square( float v ) {
+	return v * v;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Cube
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE float Math::Cube( float v ) {
+	return v * v * v;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Sec2Ms
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::Sec2Ms( int sec ) {
+	return sec * 1000;
+}
+
+/*
+================
+Math::Ms2Sec
+================
+*/
+OG_INLINE int Math::Ms2Sec( int ms ) {
+	return FtoiFast( ms * 0.001f );
+}
+
+}
+
+#endif

samples/C++/epoll_reactor.ipp

@@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
+//
+// detail/impl/epoll_reactor.ipp
+// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2003-2013 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+
+#ifndef BOOST_ASIO_DETAIL_IMPL_EPOLL_REACTOR_IPP
+#define BOOST_ASIO_DETAIL_IMPL_EPOLL_REACTOR_IPP
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
+# pragma once
+#endif // defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
+
+#include <boost/asio/detail/config.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_EPOLL)
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <boost/asio/detail/epoll_reactor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/detail/throw_error.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/error.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+# include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+
+#include <boost/asio/detail/push_options.hpp>
+
+namespace boost {
+namespace asio {
+namespace detail {
+
+epoll_reactor::epoll_reactor(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
+  : boost::asio::detail::service_base<epoll_reactor>(io_service),
+    io_service_(use_service<io_service_impl>(io_service)),
+    mutex_(),
+    interrupter_(),
+    epoll_fd_(do_epoll_create()),
+    timer_fd_(do_timerfd_create()),
+    shutdown_(false)
+{
+  // Add the interrupter's descriptor to epoll.
+  epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+  ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR | EPOLLET;
+  ev.data.ptr = &interrupter_;
+  epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, interrupter_.read_descriptor(), &ev);
+  interrupter_.interrupt();
+
+  // Add the timer descriptor to epoll.
+  if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+  {
+    ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR;
+    ev.data.ptr = &timer_fd_;
+    epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, timer_fd_, &ev);
+  }
+}
+
+epoll_reactor::~epoll_reactor()
+{
+  if (epoll_fd_ != -1)
+    close(epoll_fd_);
+  if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+    close(timer_fd_);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::shutdown_service()
+{
+  mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex_);
+  shutdown_ = true;
+  lock.unlock();
+
+  op_queue<operation> ops;
+
+  while (descriptor_state* state = registered_descriptors_.first())
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < max_ops; ++i)
+      ops.push(state->op_queue_[i]);
+    state->shutdown_ = true;
+    registered_descriptors_.free(state);
+  }
+
+  timer_queues_.get_all_timers(ops);
+
+  io_service_.abandon_operations(ops);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::fork_service(boost::asio::io_service::fork_event fork_ev)
+{
+  if (fork_ev == boost::asio::io_service::fork_child)
+  {
+    if (epoll_fd_ != -1)
+      ::close(epoll_fd_);
+    epoll_fd_ = -1;
+    epoll_fd_ = do_epoll_create();
+
+    if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+      ::close(timer_fd_);
+    timer_fd_ = -1;
+    timer_fd_ = do_timerfd_create();
+
+    interrupter_.recreate();
+
+    // Add the interrupter's descriptor to epoll.
+    epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+    ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR | EPOLLET;
+    ev.data.ptr = &interrupter_;
+    epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, interrupter_.read_descriptor(), &ev);
+    interrupter_.interrupt();
+
+    // Add the timer descriptor to epoll.
+    if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+    {
+      ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR;
+      ev.data.ptr = &timer_fd_;
+      epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, timer_fd_, &ev);
+    }
+
+    update_timeout();
+
+    // Re-register all descriptors with epoll.
+    mutex::scoped_lock descriptors_lock(registered_descriptors_mutex_);
+    for (descriptor_state* state = registered_descriptors_.first();
+        state != 0; state = state->next_)
+    {
+      ev.events = state->registered_events_;
+      ev.data.ptr = state;
+      int result = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, state->descriptor_, &ev);
+      if (result != 0)
+      {
+        boost::system::error_code ec(errno,
+            boost::asio::error::get_system_category());
+        boost::asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "epoll re-registration");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::init_task()
+{
+  io_service_.init_task();
+}
+
+int epoll_reactor::register_descriptor(socket_type descriptor,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data)
+{
+  descriptor_data = allocate_descriptor_state();
+
+  {
+    mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+    descriptor_data->reactor_ = this;
+    descriptor_data->descriptor_ = descriptor;
+    descriptor_data->shutdown_ = false;
+  }
+
+  epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+  ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLET;
+  descriptor_data->registered_events_ = ev.events;
+  ev.data.ptr = descriptor_data;
+  int result = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, descriptor, &ev);
+  if (result != 0)
+    return errno;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int epoll_reactor::register_internal_descriptor(
+    int op_type, socket_type descriptor,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data, reactor_op* op)
+{
+  descriptor_data = allocate_descriptor_state();
+
+  {
+    mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+    descriptor_data->reactor_ = this;
+    descriptor_data->descriptor_ = descriptor;
+    descriptor_data->shutdown_ = false;
+    descriptor_data->op_queue_[op_type].push(op);
+  }
+
+  epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+  ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLET;
+  descriptor_data->registered_events_ = ev.events;
+  ev.data.ptr = descriptor_data;
+  int result = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, descriptor, &ev);
+  if (result != 0)
+    return errno;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::move_descriptor(socket_type,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& target_descriptor_data,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& source_descriptor_data)
+{
+  target_descriptor_data = source_descriptor_data;
+  source_descriptor_data = 0;
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::start_op(int op_type, socket_type descriptor,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data, reactor_op* op,
+    bool is_continuation, bool allow_speculative)
+{
+  if (!descriptor_data)
+  {
+    op->ec_ = boost::asio::error::bad_descriptor;
+    post_immediate_completion(op, is_continuation);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+  if (descriptor_data->shutdown_)
+  {
+    post_immediate_completion(op, is_continuation);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (descriptor_data->op_queue_[op_type].empty())
+  {
+    if (allow_speculative
+        && (op_type != read_op
+          || descriptor_data->op_queue_[except_op].empty()))
+    {
+      if (op->perform())
+      {
+        descriptor_lock.unlock();
+        io_service_.post_immediate_completion(op, is_continuation);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (op_type == write_op)
+      {
+        if ((descriptor_data->registered_events_ & EPOLLOUT) == 0)
+        {
+          epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+          ev.events = descriptor_data->registered_events_ | EPOLLOUT;
+          ev.data.ptr = descriptor_data;
+          if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, descriptor, &ev) == 0)
+          {
+            descriptor_data->registered_events_ |= ev.events;
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            op->ec_ = boost::system::error_code(errno,
+                boost::asio::error::get_system_category());
+            io_service_.post_immediate_completion(op, is_continuation);
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (op_type == write_op)
+      {
+        descriptor_data->registered_events_ |= EPOLLOUT;
+      }
+
+      epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+      ev.events = descriptor_data->registered_events_;
+      ev.data.ptr = descriptor_data;
+      epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, descriptor, &ev);
+    }
+  }
+
+  descriptor_data->op_queue_[op_type].push(op);
+  io_service_.work_started();
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::cancel_ops(socket_type,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data)
+{
+  if (!descriptor_data)
+    return;
+
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+  op_queue<operation> ops;
+  for (int i = 0; i < max_ops; ++i)
+  {
+    while (reactor_op* op = descriptor_data->op_queue_[i].front())
+    {
+      op->ec_ = boost::asio::error::operation_aborted;
+      descriptor_data->op_queue_[i].pop();
+      ops.push(op);
+    }
+  }
+
+  descriptor_lock.unlock();
+
+  io_service_.post_deferred_completions(ops);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::deregister_descriptor(socket_type descriptor,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data, bool closing)
+{
+  if (!descriptor_data)
+    return;
+
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+  if (!descriptor_data->shutdown_)
+  {
+    if (closing)
+    {
+      // The descriptor will be automatically removed from the epoll set when
+      // it is closed.
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+      epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, descriptor, &ev);
+    }
+
+    op_queue<operation> ops;
+    for (int i = 0; i < max_ops; ++i)
+    {
+      while (reactor_op* op = descriptor_data->op_queue_[i].front())
+      {
+        op->ec_ = boost::asio::error::operation_aborted;
+        descriptor_data->op_queue_[i].pop();
+        ops.push(op);
+      }
+    }
+
+    descriptor_data->descriptor_ = -1;
+    descriptor_data->shutdown_ = true;
+
+    descriptor_lock.unlock();
+
+    free_descriptor_state(descriptor_data);
+    descriptor_data = 0;
+
+    io_service_.post_deferred_completions(ops);
+  }
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::deregister_internal_descriptor(socket_type descriptor,
+    epoll_reactor::per_descriptor_data& descriptor_data)
+{
+  if (!descriptor_data)
+    return;
+
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(descriptor_data->mutex_);
+
+  if (!descriptor_data->shutdown_)
+  {
+    epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+    epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, descriptor, &ev);
+
+    op_queue<operation> ops;
+    for (int i = 0; i < max_ops; ++i)
+      ops.push(descriptor_data->op_queue_[i]);
+
+    descriptor_data->descriptor_ = -1;
+    descriptor_data->shutdown_ = true;
+
+    descriptor_lock.unlock();
+
+    free_descriptor_state(descriptor_data);
+    descriptor_data = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::run(bool block, op_queue<operation>& ops)
+{
+  // This code relies on the fact that the task_io_service queues the reactor
+  // task behind all descriptor operations generated by this function. This
+  // means, that by the time we reach this point, any previously returned
+  // descriptor operations have already been dequeued. Therefore it is now safe
+  // for us to reuse and return them for the task_io_service to queue again.
+
+  // Calculate a timeout only if timerfd is not used.
+  int timeout;
+  if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+    timeout = block ? -1 : 0;
+  else
+  {
+    mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex_);
+    timeout = block ? get_timeout() : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Block on the epoll descriptor.
+  epoll_event events[128];
+  int num_events = epoll_wait(epoll_fd_, events, 128, timeout);
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  bool check_timers = (timer_fd_ == -1);
+#else // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  bool check_timers = true;
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+
+  // Dispatch the waiting events.
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_events; ++i)
+  {
+    void* ptr = events[i].data.ptr;
+    if (ptr == &interrupter_)
+    {
+      // No need to reset the interrupter since we're leaving the descriptor
+      // in a ready-to-read state and relying on edge-triggered notifications
+      // to make it so that we only get woken up when the descriptor's epoll
+      // registration is updated.
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+      if (timer_fd_ == -1)
+        check_timers = true;
+#else // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+      check_timers = true;
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+    }
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+    else if (ptr == &timer_fd_)
+    {
+      check_timers = true;
+    }
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+    else
+    {
+      // The descriptor operation doesn't count as work in and of itself, so we
+      // don't call work_started() here. This still allows the io_service to
+      // stop if the only remaining operations are descriptor operations.
+      descriptor_state* descriptor_data = static_cast<descriptor_state*>(ptr);
+      descriptor_data->set_ready_events(events[i].events);
+      ops.push(descriptor_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (check_timers)
+  {
+    mutex::scoped_lock common_lock(mutex_);
+    timer_queues_.get_ready_timers(ops);
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+    if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+    {
+      itimerspec new_timeout;
+      itimerspec old_timeout;
+      int flags = get_timeout(new_timeout);
+      timerfd_settime(timer_fd_, flags, &new_timeout, &old_timeout);
+    }
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  }
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::interrupt()
+{
+  epoll_event ev = { 0, { 0 } };
+  ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR | EPOLLET;
+  ev.data.ptr = &interrupter_;
+  epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, interrupter_.read_descriptor(), &ev);
+}
+
+int epoll_reactor::do_epoll_create()
+{
+#if defined(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)
+  int fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+#else // defined(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)
+  int fd = -1;
+  errno = EINVAL;
+#endif // defined(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)
+
+  if (fd == -1 && (errno == EINVAL || errno == ENOSYS))
+  {
+    fd = epoll_create(epoll_size);
+    if (fd != -1)
+      ::fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+  }
+
+  if (fd == -1)
+  {
+    boost::system::error_code ec(errno,
+        boost::asio::error::get_system_category());
+    boost::asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "epoll");
+  }
+
+  return fd;
+}
+
+int epoll_reactor::do_timerfd_create()
+{
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+# if defined(TFD_CLOEXEC)
+  int fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, TFD_CLOEXEC);
+# else // defined(TFD_CLOEXEC)
+  int fd = -1;
+  errno = EINVAL;
+# endif // defined(TFD_CLOEXEC)
+
+  if (fd == -1 && errno == EINVAL)
+  {
+    fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0);
+    if (fd != -1)
+      ::fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+  }
+
+  return fd;
+#else // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  return -1;
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+}
+
+epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* epoll_reactor::allocate_descriptor_state()
+{
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptors_lock(registered_descriptors_mutex_);
+  return registered_descriptors_.alloc();
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::free_descriptor_state(epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* s)
+{
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptors_lock(registered_descriptors_mutex_);
+  registered_descriptors_.free(s);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::do_add_timer_queue(timer_queue_base& queue)
+{
+  mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex_);
+  timer_queues_.insert(&queue);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::do_remove_timer_queue(timer_queue_base& queue)
+{
+  mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex_);
+  timer_queues_.erase(&queue);
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::update_timeout()
+{
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  if (timer_fd_ != -1)
+  {
+    itimerspec new_timeout;
+    itimerspec old_timeout;
+    int flags = get_timeout(new_timeout);
+    timerfd_settime(timer_fd_, flags, &new_timeout, &old_timeout);
+    return;
+  }
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+  interrupt();
+}
+
+int epoll_reactor::get_timeout()
+{
+  // By default we will wait no longer than 5 minutes. This will ensure that
+  // any changes to the system clock are detected after no longer than this.
+  return timer_queues_.wait_duration_msec(5 * 60 * 1000);
+}
+
+#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+int epoll_reactor::get_timeout(itimerspec& ts)
+{
+  ts.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
+  ts.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
+
+  long usec = timer_queues_.wait_duration_usec(5 * 60 * 1000 * 1000);
+  ts.it_value.tv_sec = usec / 1000000;
+  ts.it_value.tv_nsec = usec ? (usec % 1000000) * 1000 : 1;
+
+  return usec ? 0 : TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME;
+}
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_TIMERFD)
+
+struct epoll_reactor::perform_io_cleanup_on_block_exit
+{
+  explicit perform_io_cleanup_on_block_exit(epoll_reactor* r)
+    : reactor_(r), first_op_(0)
+  {
+  }
+
+  ~perform_io_cleanup_on_block_exit()
+  {
+    if (first_op_)
+    {
+      // Post the remaining completed operations for invocation.
+      if (!ops_.empty())
+        reactor_->io_service_.post_deferred_completions(ops_);
+
+      // A user-initiated operation has completed, but there's no need to
+      // explicitly call work_finished() here. Instead, we'll take advantage of
+      // the fact that the task_io_service will call work_finished() once we
+      // return.
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // No user-initiated operations have completed, so we need to compensate
+      // for the work_finished() call that the task_io_service will make once
+      // this operation returns.
+      reactor_->io_service_.work_started();
+    }
+  }
+
+  epoll_reactor* reactor_;
+  op_queue<operation> ops_;
+  operation* first_op_;
+};
+
+epoll_reactor::descriptor_state::descriptor_state()
+  : operation(&epoll_reactor::descriptor_state::do_complete)
+{
+}
+
+operation* epoll_reactor::descriptor_state::perform_io(uint32_t events)
+{
+  mutex_.lock();
+  perform_io_cleanup_on_block_exit io_cleanup(reactor_);
+  mutex::scoped_lock descriptor_lock(mutex_, mutex::scoped_lock::adopt_lock);
+
+  // Exception operations must be processed first to ensure that any
+  // out-of-band data is read before normal data.
+  static const int flag[max_ops] = { EPOLLIN, EPOLLOUT, EPOLLPRI };
+  for (int j = max_ops - 1; j >= 0; --j)
+  {
+    if (events & (flag[j] | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
+    {
+      while (reactor_op* op = op_queue_[j].front())
+      {
+        if (op->perform())
+        {
+          op_queue_[j].pop();
+          io_cleanup.ops_.push(op);
+        }
+        else
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The first operation will be returned for completion now. The others will
+  // be posted for later by the io_cleanup object's destructor.
+  io_cleanup.first_op_ = io_cleanup.ops_.front();
+  io_cleanup.ops_.pop();
+  return io_cleanup.first_op_;
+}
+
+void epoll_reactor::descriptor_state::do_complete(
+    io_service_impl* owner, operation* base,
+    const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
+{
+  if (owner)
+  {
+    descriptor_state* descriptor_data = static_cast<descriptor_state*>(base);
+    uint32_t events = static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes_transferred);
+    if (operation* op = descriptor_data->perform_io(events))
+    {
+      op->complete(*owner, ec, 0);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace asio
+} // namespace boost
+
+#include <boost/asio/detail/pop_options.hpp>
+
+#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_EPOLL)
+
+#endif // BOOST_ASIO_DETAIL_IMPL_EPOLL_REACTOR_IPP

samples/Common Lisp/macros-advanced.cl

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+;; @file macros-advanced.cl
+;;
+;; @breif Advanced macro practices - defining your own macros
+;;
+;; Macro definition skeleton:
+;; (defmacro name (parameter*)
+;;   "Optional documentation string"
+;;   body-form*)
+;;
+;; Note that backquote expression is most often used in the `body-form`
+;;
+
+; `primep` test a number for prime
+(defun primep (n)
+  "test a number for prime"
+  (if (< n 2) (return-from primep))
+  (do ((i 2 (1+ i)) (p t (not (zerop (mod n i)))))
+      ((> i (sqrt n)) p)
+    (when (not p) (return))))
+; `next-prime` return the next prime bigger than the specified number
+(defun next-prime (n)
+  "return the next prime bigger than the speicified number"
+  (do ((i (1+ n) (1+ i)))
+      ((primep i) i)))
+;
+; The recommended procedures to writting a new macro are as follows:
+; 1. Write a sample call to the macro and the code it should expand into
+(do-primes (p 0 19)
+  (format t "~d " p))
+; Expected expanded codes
+(do ((p (next-prime (- 0 1)) (next-prime p)))
+    ((> p 19))
+  (format t "~d " p))
+; 2. Write code that generate the hardwritten expansion from the arguments in
+; the sample call
+(defmacro do-primes (var-and-range &rest body)
+  (let ((var (first var-and-range))
+        (start (second var-and-range))
+        (end (third var-and-range)))
+    `(do ((,var (next-prime (- ,start 1)) (next-prime ,var)))
+         ((> ,var ,end))
+      ,@body)))
+; 2-1. More concise implementations with the 'parameter list destructuring' and
+; '&body' synonym, it also emits more friendly messages on incorrent input.
+(defmacro do-primes ((var start end) &body body)
+  `(do ((,var (next-prime (- ,start 1)) (next-prime ,var)))
+       ((> ,var ,end))
+    ,@body))
+; 2-2. Test the result of macro expansion with the `macroexpand-1` function
+(macroexpand-1 '(do-primes (p 0 19) (format t "~d " p)))
+; 3. Make sure the macro abstraction does not "leak"
+(defmacro do-primes ((var start end) &body body)
+  (let ((end-value-name (gensym)))
+    `(do ((,var (next-prime (- ,start 1)) (next-prime ,var))
+          (,end-value-name ,end))
+         ((> ,var ,end-value-name))
+      ,@body)))
+; 3-1. Rules to observe to avoid common and possible leaks
+;   a. include any subforms in the expansion in positions that will be evaluated
+;      in the same order as the subforms appear in the macro call
+;   b. make sure subforms are evaluated only once by creating a variable in the
+;      expansion to hold the value of evaluating the argument form, and then
+;      using that variable anywhere else the value is needed in the expansion
+;   c. use `gensym` at macro expansion time to create variable names used in the
+;      expansion
+;
+; Appendix I. Macro-writting macros, 'with-gensyms', to guranttee that rule c
+; gets observed.
+; Example usage of `with-gensyms`
+(defmacro do-primes-a ((var start end) &body body)
+  "do-primes implementation with macro-writting macro 'with-gensyms'"
+  (with-gensyms (end-value-name)
+    `(do ((,var (next-prime (- ,start 1)) (next-prime ,var))
+          (,end-value-name ,end))
+         ((> ,var ,end-value-name))
+      ,@body)))
+; Define the macro, note how comma is used to interpolate the value of the loop
+; expression
+(defmacro with-gensyms ((&rest names) &body body)
+  `(let ,(loop for n in names collect `(,n (gensym)))
+    ,@body)
+)

samples/Common Lisp/motor-inferencia.cl

@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+#|
+ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR - UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID
+INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL
+
+Motor de inferencia
+Basado en parte en "Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies
+in Common Lisp", de Peter Norvig, 1992
+|#
+
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;;; Global variables
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+
+(defvar *hypothesis-list*)
+(defvar *rule-list*)
+(defvar *fact-list*)
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;;; Constants
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(defconstant +fail+ nil "Indicates unification failure")
+
+(defconstant +no-bindings+ '((nil))
+  "Indicates unification success, with no variables.")
+
+(defconstant *mundo-abierto* nil)
+
+
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;;; Functions for the user
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+
+;; Resets *fact-list* to NIL
+(defun erase-facts () (setq *fact-list* nil))
+
+(defun set-hypothesis-list (h) (setq *hypothesis-list* h))
+
+
+;; Returns a list of solutions, each one satisfying all the hypothesis contained
+;; in *hypothesis-list*
+(defun motor-inferencia ()
+  (consulta *hypothesis-list*))
+
+
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;;; Auxiliary functions
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: CONSULTA
+
+COMMENTS:
+CONSULTA receives a list of hypothesis (variable <hypotheses>), and returns
+a list of binding lists (each binding list being a solution).
+
+EXAMPLES:
+hypotheses is:
+((brothers ?x ?y) (neighbours juan ?x)).
+
+That is, we are searching the brothers of the possible neighbors of Juan.
+
+The function can return in this case:
+ 
+(((?x . sergio) (?y . javier)) ((?x . julian) (?y . mario)) ((?x . julian) (?y . pedro))).
+That is, the neighbors of Juan (Sergio and Julian) have 3 brothers in total(Javier, Mario, Pedro)
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun consulta (hypotheses)
+  (if (null hypotheses) (list +no-bindings+)
+    (mapcan #'(lambda (b)
+                (mapcar #'(lambda (x) (une-bindings-con-bindings b x))
+                  (consulta (subst-bindings b (rest hypotheses)))))
+      (find-hypothesis-value (first hypotheses)))))
+
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: FIND-HYPOTHESIS-VALUE
+
+COMMENTS:
+This function manages the query a single query (only one hypothesis) given a binding list.
+It tries (in the following order) to:
+- Answer the query from *fact-list*
+- Answer the query from the rules in *rule-list*
+- Ask the user
+
+The function returns a list of solutions (list of binding lists).
+
+EXAMPLES:
+If hypothesis is (brothers ?x ?y)
+and the function returns:
+(((?x . sergio) (?y . javier)) ((?x . julian) (?y . maria)) ((?x . alberto) (?y . pedro))).
+
+Means that Sergio and Javier and brothers, Julian and Mario are brothers, and Alberto and Pedro are brothers.
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun find-hypothesis-value (hypothesis)
+  (let (rules)
+   (cond
+    ((equality? hypothesis) 
+     (value-from-equality hypothesis))
+    ((value-from-facts hypothesis))
+    ((setq good-rules (find-rules hypothesis)) 
+     (value-from-rules hypothesis good-rules))
+    (t (ask-user hypothesis)))))
+
+
+
+; une-bindings-con-bindings takes two binding lists and returns a binding list
+; Assumes that b1 and b2 are not +fail+
+(defun une-bindings-con-bindings (b1 b2)
+  (cond
+   ((equal b1 +no-bindings+) b2)
+   ((equal b2 +no-bindings+) b1)
+   (T (append b1 b2))))
+
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: VALUE-FROM-FACTS
+
+COMMENTS:
+Returns all the solutions of <hypothesis> obtained directly from *fact-list*
+
+EXAMPLES:
+> (setf *fact-list* '((man luis) (man pedro)(woman mart)(man daniel)(woman laura)))
+
+> (value-from-facts '(man ?x))
+returns:
+
+(((?X . LUIS)) ((?X . PEDRO)) ((?X . DANIEL)))
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun value-from-facts (hypothesis)
+  (mapcan #'(lambda(x) (let ((aux (unify hypothesis x)))
+                         (when aux (list aux)))) *fact-list*))
+
+
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: FIND-RULES
+
+COMMENTS:
+Returns the rules in *rule-list* whose THENs unify with the term given in <hypothesis>
+The variables in the rules that satisfy this requirement are renamed.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+> (setq *rule-list*
+      '((R1 (pertenece ?E (?E . ?_)))
+        (R2 (pertenece ?E (?_ . ?Xs)) :- ((pertenece ?E ?Xs)))))
+
+Then:
+> (FIND-RULES (PERTENECE 1 (2 5)))
+returns:
+((R2 (PERTENECE ?E.1 (?_ . ?XS.2)) :- ((PERTENECE ?E.1 ?XS.2))))
+That is, only the THEN of rule R2 unify with <hypothesis>
+
+However,
+> (FIND-RULES (PERTENECE 1 (1 6 7)))
+
+returns:
+((R1 (PERTENECE ?E.6 (?E.6 . ?_)))
+ (R2 (PERTENECE ?E.7 (?_ . ?XS.8)) :- ((PERTENECE ?E.7 ?XS.8))))
+So the THEN of both rules unify with <hypothesis>
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun find-rules (hypothesis)
+  (mapcan #'(lambda(b) (let ((renamed-rule (rename-variables b)))
+                         (when (in-then? hypothesis renamed-rule)
+                           (list renamed-rule)))) *rule-list*))
+
+(defun in-then? (hypothesis rule)
+  (unless (null (rule-then rule))
+    (not (equal +fail+ (unify hypothesis (rule-then rule))))))
+
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: VALUE-FROM-RULES
+
+COMMENTS:
+Returns all the solutions to <hypothesis> found using all the rules given in
+the list <rules>. Note that a single rule can have multiple solutions.
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+(defun value-from-rules (hypothesis rules)
+  (mapcan #'(lambda (r) (eval-rule hypothesis r)) rules))
+
+(defun limpia-vinculos (termino bindings)
+  (unify termino (subst-bindings bindings termino)))
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: EVAL-RULE
+
+COMMENTS:
+Returns all the solutions found using the rule given as input argument.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+> (setq *rule-list*
+      '((R1 (pertenece ?E (?E . ?_)))
+        (R2 (pertenece ?E (?_ . ?Xs)) :- ((pertenece ?E ?Xs)))))
+Then:
+> (EVAL-RULE 
+   (PERTENECE 1 (1 6 7)) 
+   (R1 (PERTENECE ?E.42 (?E.42 . ?_))))
+returns:
+(((NIL)))
+That is, the query (PERTENECE 1 (1 6 7)) can be proven from the given rule, and
+no binding in the variables in the query is necessary (in fact, the query has no variables).
+On the other hand:
+> (EVAL-RULE 
+   (PERTENECE 1 (7)) 
+   (R2 (PERTENECE ?E.49 (?_ . ?XS.50)) :- ((PERTENECE ?E.49 ?XS.50))))
+returns:
+NIL
+That is, the query can not be proven from the rule R2.
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun eval-rule (hypothesis rule)
+  (let ((bindings-then 
+          (unify (rule-then rule) hypothesis)))
+    (unless (equal +fail+ bindings-then)
+      (if (rule-ifs rule)
+          (mapcar #'(lambda(b) (limpia-vinculos hypothesis (append bindings-then b)))
+            (consulta (subst-bindings bindings-then (rule-ifs rule))))
+        (list (limpia-vinculos hypothesis bindings-then))))))
+
+
+(defun ask-user (hypothesis)
+  (let ((question hypothesis))
+    (cond
+     ((variables-in question) +fail+)
+     ((not-in-fact-list? question) +fail+)
+     (*mundo-abierto*
+      (format t "~%Es cierto el hecho ~S? (T/nil)" question)
+      (cond
+       ((read) (add-fact question) +no-bindings+)
+       (T (add-fact (list 'NOT question)) +fail+)))
+     (T +fail+))))
+
+
+; value-from-equality:
+(defun value-from-equality (hypothesis)
+  (let ((new-bindings (unify (second hypothesis) (third hypothesis))))
+    (if (not (equal +fail+ new-bindings)) 
+	(list new-bindings))))
+
+
+
+#|____________________________________________________________________________
+FUNCTION: UNIFY
+
+COMMENTS:
+Finds the most general unifier of two input expressions, taking into account the
+bindings specified in the input <bingings>
+In case the two expressions can unify, the function returns the total bindings necessary
+for that unification. Otherwise, returns +fail+
+
+EXAMPLES:
+> (unify '1 '1)
+((NIL)) ;; which is the constant +no-bindings+
+> (unify 1 '2)
+nil     ;; which is the constant +fail+
+> (unify '?x 1)
+((?x . 1))
+> (unify '(1 1) ?x)
+((? x 1 1))
+> (unify '?_ '?x)
+((NIL))
+> (unify '(p ?x 1 2) '(p ?y ?_ ?_))
+((?x . ?y))
+> (unify '(?a . ?_) '(1 2 3)) 
+((?a . 1)) 
+> (unify '(?_ ?_) '(1 2))
+((nil))
+> (unify '(?a . ?b) '(1 2 3)) 
+((?b 2 3) (?a . 1)) 
+> (unify '(?a . ?b) '(?v . ?d)) 
+((?b . ?d) (?a . ?v)) 
+> (unify '(?eval (+ 1 1)) '1) 
+nil
+> (unify '(?eval (+ 1 1)) '2) 
+(nil)) 
+____________________________________________________________________________|#
+
+(defun unify (x y &optional (bindings +no-bindings+))
+  "See if x and y match with given bindings.  If they do,
+  return a binding list that would make them equal [p 303]."
+  (cond ((eq bindings +fail+) +fail+)
+        ((eql x y) bindings)
+        ((eval? x) (unify-eval x y bindings))
+        ((eval? y) (unify-eval y x bindings))
+        ((variable? x) (unify-var x y bindings))
+        ((variable? y) (unify-var y x bindings))
+        ((and (consp x) (consp y))
+         (unify (rest x) (rest y) 
+                (unify (first x) (first y) bindings)))
+        (t +fail+)))
+
+
+;; rename-variables: renombra ?X por ?X.1, ?Y por ?Y.2 etc. salvo ?_ que no se renombra
+(defun rename-variables (x)
+  "Replace all variables in x with new ones. Excepto ?_"
+  (sublis (mapcar #'(lambda (var) 
+		      (if (anonymous-var? var)
+			  (make-binding var var)
+			(make-binding var (new-variable var))))
+		  (variables-in x))
+	  x))
+
+
+
+;;;; Auxiliary Functions
+
+(defun unify-var (var x bindings)
+  "Unify var with x, using (and maybe extending) bindings [p 303]."
+  (cond ((or (anonymous-var? var)(anonymous-var? x)) bindings)
+	((get-binding var bindings)
+	 (unify (lookup var bindings) x bindings))
+	((and (variable? x) (get-binding x bindings))
+	 (unify var (lookup x bindings) bindings))
+	((occurs-in? var x bindings)
+	 +fail+)
+	(t (extend-bindings var x bindings))))
+
+(defun variable? (x)
+  "Is x a variable (a symbol starting with ?)?"
+  (and (symbolp x) (eql (char (symbol-name x) 0) #\?)))
+
+(defun get-binding (var bindings)
+  "Find a (variable . value) pair in a binding list."
+  (assoc var bindings))
+
+(defun binding-var (binding)
+  "Get the variable part of a single binding."
+  (car binding))
+
+(defun binding-val (binding)
+  "Get the value part of a single binding."
+  (cdr binding))
+
+(defun make-binding (var val) (cons var val))
+
+(defun lookup (var bindings)
+  "Get the value part (for var) from a binding list."
+  (binding-val (get-binding var bindings)))
+
+(defun extend-bindings (var val bindings)
+  "Add a (var . value) pair to a binding list."
+  (append 
+   (unless (eq bindings +no-bindings+) bindings)
+   (list (make-binding var val))))
+
+(defun occurs-in? (var x bindings)
+  "Does var occur anywhere inside x?"
+  (cond ((eq var x) t)
+        ((and (variable? x) (get-binding x bindings))
+         (occurs-in? var (lookup x bindings) bindings))
+        ((consp x) (or (occurs-in? var (first x) bindings)
+                       (occurs-in? var (rest x) bindings)))
+        (t nil)))
+
+(defun subst-bindings (bindings x)
+  "Substitute the value of variables in bindings into x,
+  taking recursively bound variables into account."
+  (cond ((eq bindings +fail+) +fail+)
+        ((eq bindings +no-bindings+) x)
+        ((and (listp x) (eq '?eval (car x)))
+         (subst-bindings-quote bindings x))
+        ((and (variable? x) (get-binding x bindings))
+         (subst-bindings bindings (lookup x bindings)))
+        ((atom x) x)
+        (t (cons (subst-bindings bindings (car x)) ;; s/reuse-cons/cons
+		 (subst-bindings bindings (cdr x))))))
+
+(defun unifier (x y)
+ "Return something that unifies with both x and y (or fail)."
+ (subst-bindings (unify x y) x))
+
+(defun variables-in (exp)
+  "Return a list of all the variables in EXP."
+  (unique-find-anywhere-if #'variable? exp))
+
+(defun unique-find-anywhere-if (predicate tree &optional found-so-far)
+  "Return a list of leaves of tree satisfying predicate,
+  with duplicates removed."
+  (if (atom tree)
+      (if (funcall predicate tree)
+          (pushnew tree found-so-far)
+          found-so-far)
+    (unique-find-anywhere-if
+        predicate
+        (first tree)
+        (unique-find-anywhere-if predicate (rest tree)
+                                 found-so-far))))
+
+(defun find-anywhere-if (predicate tree)
+  "Does predicate apply to any atom in the tree?"  
+  (if (atom tree)
+      (funcall predicate tree)
+      (or (find-anywhere-if predicate (first tree))
+          (find-anywhere-if predicate (rest tree)))))
+
+(defun new-variable (var)
+  "Create a new variable.  Assumes user never types variables of form ?X.9"
+  (gentemp (format nil "~S." var)))
+;  (gentemp "?") )
+;;;
+
+(defun anonymous-var? (x)
+  (eq x '?_))
+
+(defun subst-bindings-quote (bindings x)
+  "Substitute the value of variables in bindings into x,
+  taking recursively bound variables into account."
+  (cond ((eq bindings +fail+) +fail+)
+        ((eq bindings +no-bindings+) x)
+        ((and (variable? x) (get-binding x bindings))
+         (if (variable? (lookup x bindings))
+             (subst-bindings-quote bindings (lookup x bindings))
+             (subst-bindings-quote bindings (list 'quote (lookup x bindings)))
+         )
+        )     
+        ((atom x) x)
+        (t (cons (subst-bindings-quote bindings (car x)) ;; s/reuse-cons/cons
+		 (subst-bindings-quote bindings (cdr x))))))
+
+(defun eval? (x)
+  (and (consp x) (eq (first x) '?eval)))
+
+(defun unify-eval (x y bindings)
+  (let ((exp (subst-bindings-quote bindings (second x))))
+    (if (variables-in exp)
+	+fail+
+      (unify (eval exp) y bindings))))
+
+
+
+(defun rule-ifs (rule) (fourth rule))
+(defun rule-then (rule) (second rule))
+
+
+(defun equality? (term)
+  (and (consp term) (eql (first term) '?=)))
+
+
+(defun in-fact-list? (expresion)
+  (some #'(lambda(x) (equal x expresion)) *fact-list*))
+                     
+(defun not-in-fact-list? (expresion)
+  (if (eq (car expresion) 'NOT)
+      (in-fact-list? (second expresion))
+    (in-fact-list? (list 'NOT expresion))))
+
+
+;; add-fact:
+
+(defun add-fact (fact)
+  (setq *fact-list* (cons fact *fact-list*)))
+
+
+(defun variable? (x)
+  "Is x a variable (a symbol starting with ?) except ?eval and ?="
+  (and (not (equal x '?eval)) (not (equal x '?=)) 
+       (symbolp x) (eql (char (symbol-name x) 0) #\?)))
+
+
+;; EOF

samples/Crystal/const_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bin/crystal --run
+require "../../spec_helper"
+
+describe "Codegen: const" do
+  it "define a constant" do
+    run("A = 1; A").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "support nested constant" do
+    run("class B; A = 1; end; B::A").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "support constant inside a def" do
+    run("
+      class Foo
+        A = 1
+
+        def foo
+          A
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.foo
+    ").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "finds nearest constant first" do
+    run("
+      A = 1
+
+      class Foo
+        A = 2.5_f32
+
+        def foo
+          A
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.foo
+    ").to_f32.should eq(2.5)
+  end
+
+  it "allows constants with same name" do
+    run("
+      A = 1
+
+      class Foo
+        A = 2.5_f32
+
+        def foo
+          A
+        end
+      end
+
+      A
+      Foo.new.foo
+    ").to_f32.should eq(2.5)
+  end
+
+  it "constants with expression" do
+    run("
+      A = 1 + 1
+      A
+    ").to_i.should eq(2)
+  end
+
+  it "finds global constant" do
+    run("
+      A = 1
+
+      class Foo
+        def foo
+          A
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.foo
+    ").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "define a constant in lib" do
+    run("lib Foo; A = 1; end; Foo::A").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "invokes block in const" do
+    run("require \"prelude\"; A = [\"1\"].map { |x| x.to_i }; A[0]").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "declare constants in right order" do
+    run("A = 1 + 1; B = true ? A : 0; B").to_i.should eq(2)
+  end
+
+  it "uses correct types lookup" do
+    run("
+      module A
+        class B
+          def foo
+            1
+          end
+        end
+
+        C = B.new;
+      end
+
+      def foo
+        A::C.foo
+      end
+
+      foo
+      ").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "codegens variable assignment in const" do
+    run("
+      class Foo
+        def initialize(@x)
+        end
+
+        def x
+          @x
+        end
+      end
+
+      A = begin
+            f = Foo.new(1)
+            f
+          end
+
+      def foo
+        A.x
+      end
+
+      foo
+      ").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "declaring var" do
+    run("
+      BAR = begin
+        a = 1
+        while 1 == 2
+          b = 2
+        end
+        a
+      end
+      class Foo
+        def compile
+          BAR
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.compile
+      ").to_i.should eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "initialize const that might raise an exception" do
+    run("
+      require \"prelude\"
+      CONST = (raise \"OH NO\" if 1 == 2)
+
+      def doit
+        CONST
+      rescue
+      end
+
+      doit.nil?
+    ").to_b.should be_true
+  end
+end

samples/Crystal/declare_var_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bin/crystal --run
+require "../../spec_helper"
+
+describe "Type inference: declare var" do
+  it "types declare var" do
+    assert_type("a :: Int32") { int32 }
+  end
+
+  it "types declare var and reads it" do
+    assert_type("a :: Int32; a") { int32 }
+  end
+
+  it "types declare var and changes its type" do
+    assert_type("a :: Int32; while 1 == 2; a = 'a'; end; a") { union_of(int32, char) }
+  end
+
+  it "declares instance var which appears in initialize" do
+    result = assert_type("
+      class Foo
+        @x :: Int32
+      end
+
+      Foo.new") { types["Foo"] }
+
+    mod = result.program
+
+    foo = mod.types["Foo"] as NonGenericClassType
+    foo.instance_vars["@x"].type.should eq(mod.int32)
+  end
+
+  it "declares instance var of generic class" do
+    result = assert_type("
+      class Foo(T)
+        @x :: T
+      end
+
+      Foo(Int32).new") do
+        foo = types["Foo"] as GenericClassType
+        foo_i32 = foo.instantiate([int32] of Type | ASTNode)
+        foo_i32.lookup_instance_var("@x").type.should eq(int32)
+        foo_i32
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "declares instance var of generic class after reopen" do
+    result = assert_type("
+      class Foo(T)
+      end
+
+      f = Foo(Int32).new
+
+      class Foo(T)
+        @x :: T
+      end
+
+      f") do
+        foo = types["Foo"] as GenericClassType
+        foo_i32 = foo.instantiate([int32] of Type | ASTNode)
+        foo_i32.lookup_instance_var("@x").type.should eq(int32)
+        foo_i32
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "declares an instance variable in initialize" do
+    assert_type("
+      class Foo
+        def initialize
+          @x :: Int32
+        end
+
+        def x
+          @x
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.x
+      ") { int32 }
+  end
+end

samples/Crystal/transformer.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+module Crystal
+  class ASTNode
+    def transform(transformer)
+      transformer.before_transform self
+      node = transformer.transform self
+      transformer.after_transform self
+      node
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Transformer
+    def before_transform(node)
+    end
+
+    def after_transform(node)
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Expressions)
+      exps = [] of ASTNode
+      node.expressions.each do |exp|
+        new_exp = exp.transform(self)
+        if new_exp
+          if new_exp.is_a?(Expressions)
+            exps.concat new_exp.expressions
+          else
+            exps << new_exp
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      if exps.length == 1
+        exps[0]
+      else
+        node.expressions = exps
+        node
+      end
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Call)
+      if node_obj = node.obj
+        node.obj = node_obj.transform(self)
+      end
+      transform_many node.args
+
+      if node_block = node.block
+        node.block = node_block.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      if node_block_arg = node.block_arg
+        node.block_arg = node_block_arg.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : And)
+      node.left = node.left.transform(self)
+      node.right = node.right.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Or)
+      node.left = node.left.transform(self)
+      node.right = node.right.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : StringInterpolation)
+      transform_many node.expressions
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ArrayLiteral)
+      transform_many node.elements
+
+      if node_of = node.of
+        node.of = node_of.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : HashLiteral)
+      transform_many node.keys
+      transform_many node.values
+
+      if of_key = node.of_key
+        node.of_key = of_key.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      if of_value = node.of_value
+        node.of_value = of_value.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : If)
+      node.cond = node.cond.transform(self)
+      node.then = node.then.transform(self)
+      node.else = node.else.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Unless)
+      node.cond = node.cond.transform(self)
+      node.then = node.then.transform(self)
+      node.else = node.else.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : IfDef)
+      node.cond = node.cond.transform(self)
+      node.then = node.then.transform(self)
+      node.else = node.else.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : MultiAssign)
+      transform_many node.targets
+      transform_many node.values
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : SimpleOr)
+      node.left = node.left.transform(self)
+      node.right = node.right.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Def)
+      transform_many node.args
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+
+      if receiver = node.receiver
+        node.receiver = receiver.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      if block_arg = node.block_arg
+        node.block_arg = block_arg.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Macro)
+      transform_many node.args
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+
+      if receiver = node.receiver
+        node.receiver = receiver.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      if block_arg = node.block_arg
+        node.block_arg = block_arg.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : PointerOf)
+      node.exp = node.exp.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : SizeOf)
+      node.exp = node.exp.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : InstanceSizeOf)
+      node.exp = node.exp.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : IsA)
+      node.obj = node.obj.transform(self)
+      node.const = node.const.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : RespondsTo)
+      node.obj = node.obj.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Case)
+      node.cond = node.cond.transform(self)
+      transform_many node.whens
+
+      if node_else = node.else
+        node.else = node_else.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : When)
+      transform_many node.conds
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ImplicitObj)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ClassDef)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+
+      if superclass = node.superclass
+        node.superclass = superclass.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ModuleDef)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : While)
+      node.cond = node.cond.transform(self)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Generic)
+      node.name = node.name.transform(self)
+      transform_many node.type_vars
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ExceptionHandler)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      transform_many node.rescues
+
+      if node_ensure = node.ensure
+        node.ensure = node_ensure.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Rescue)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      transform_many node.types
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Union)
+      transform_many node.types
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Hierarchy)
+      node.name = node.name.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Metaclass)
+      node.name = node.name.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Arg)
+      if default_value = node.default_value
+        node.default_value = default_value.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      if restriction = node.restriction
+        node.restriction = restriction.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : BlockArg)
+      node.fun = node.fun.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Fun)
+      transform_many node.inputs
+
+      if output = node.output
+        node.output = output.transform(self)
+      end
+
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Block)
+      node.args.map! { |exp| exp.transform(self) as Var }
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : FunLiteral)
+      node.def.body = node.def.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : FunPointer)
+      if obj = node.obj
+        node.obj = obj.transform(self)
+      end
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Return)
+      transform_many node.exps
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Break)
+      transform_many node.exps
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Next)
+      transform_many node.exps
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Yield)
+      if scope = node.scope
+        node.scope = scope.transform(self)
+      end
+      transform_many node.exps
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Include)
+      node.name = node.name.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Extend)
+      node.name = node.name.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : RangeLiteral)
+      node.from = node.from.transform(self)
+      node.to = node.to.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Assign)
+      node.target = node.target.transform(self)
+      node.value = node.value.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Nop)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : NilLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : BoolLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : NumberLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : CharLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : StringLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : SymbolLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : RegexLiteral)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Var)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : MetaVar)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : InstanceVar)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ClassVar)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Global)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Require)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Path)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : LibDef)
+      node.body = node.body.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : FunDef)
+      if body = node.body
+        node.body = body.transform(self)
+      end
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : TypeDef)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : StructDef)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : UnionDef)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : EnumDef)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : ExternalVar)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : IndirectRead)
+      node.obj = node.obj.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : IndirectWrite)
+      node.obj = node.obj.transform(self)
+      node.value = node.value.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : TypeOf)
+      transform_many node.expressions
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Primitive)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Not)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : TypeFilteredNode)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : TupleLiteral)
+      transform_many node.exps
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Cast)
+      node.obj = node.obj.transform(self)
+      node.to = node.to.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : DeclareVar)
+      node.var = node.var.transform(self)
+      node.declared_type = node.declared_type.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Alias)
+      node.value = node.value.transform(self)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : TupleIndexer)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform(node : Attribute)
+      node
+    end
+
+    def transform_many(exps)
+      exps.map! { |exp| exp.transform(self) } if exps
+    end
+  end
+end

samples/E/Extends.E

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Ordinary_Programming/Objects_and_Functions
+def makeVehicle(self) {
+    def vehicle {
+        to milesTillEmpty() {
+            return self.milesPerGallon() * self.getFuelRemaining()
+        }
+    }
+    return vehicle
+}
+
+def makeCar() {
+    var fuelRemaining := 20
+    def car extends makeVehicle(car) {
+        to milesPerGallon() {return 19}
+        to getFuelRemaining() {return fuelRemaining}
+    }
+    return car
+}
+
+def makeJet() {
+    var fuelRemaining := 2000
+    def jet extends makeVehicle(jet) {
+        to milesPerGallon() {return 2}
+        to getFuelRemaining() {return fuelRemaining}
+    }
+    return jet
+}
+
+def car := makeCar()
+println(`The car can go ${car.milesTillEmpty()} miles.`)

samples/E/Functions.E

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Ordinary_Programming/Objects_and_Functions
+def makeCar(var name) {
+    var x := 0
+    var y := 0
+    def car {
+        to moveTo(newX,newY) {
+            x := newX
+            y := newY
+        }
+        to getX() {return x}
+        to getY() {return y}
+        to setName(newName) {name := newName}
+        to getName() {return name}
+    } 
+    return car
+}
+# Now use the makeCar function to make a car, which we will move and print
+def sportsCar := makeCar("Ferrari")
+sportsCar.moveTo(10,20)
+println(`The car ${sportsCar.getName()} is at X location ${sportsCar.getX()}`)

samples/E/Guards.E

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Advanced_Topics/Build_your_Own_Guards
+def makeVOCPair(brandName :String) :near {
+
+    var myTempContents := def none {}
+
+    def brand {
+        to __printOn(out :TextWriter) :void {
+            out.print(brandName)
+        }
+    }
+
+    def ProveAuth {
+        to __printOn(out :TextWriter) :void {
+            out.print(`<$brandName prover>`)
+        }
+        to getBrand() :near { return brand }
+        to coerce(specimen, optEjector) :near {
+            def sealedBox {
+                to getBrand() :near { return brand }
+                to offerContent() :void {
+                    myTempContents := specimen
+                }
+            }
+            return sealedBox
+        }
+    }
+    def CheckAuth {
+        to __printOn(out :TextWriter) :void {
+            out.print(`<$brandName checker template>`)
+        }
+        to getBrand() :near { return brand }
+        match [`get`, authList :any[]] {
+            def checker {
+                to __printOn(out :TextWriter) :void {
+                    out.print(`<$brandName checker>`)
+                }
+                to getBrand() :near { return brand }
+                to coerce(specimenBox, optEjector) :any {
+                    myTempContents := null
+                    if (specimenBox.__respondsTo("offerContent", 0)) {
+                      # XXX Using __respondsTo/2 here is a kludge
+                        specimenBox.offerContent()
+                    } else {
+                        myTempContents := specimenBox
+                    }
+                    for auth in authList {
+                        if (auth == myTempContents) {
+                            return auth
+                        }
+                    }
+                    myTempContents := none
+                    throw.eject(optEjector,
+                                `Unmatched $brandName authorization`)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        match [`__respondsTo`, [`get`, _]] {
+            true
+        }
+        match [`__respondsTo`, [_, _]] {
+            false
+        }
+        match [`__getAllegedType`, []] {
+            null.__getAllegedType()
+        }
+    }
+    return [ProveAuth, CheckAuth]
+}

samples/E/IO.E

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# E sample from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Ordinary_Programming/InputOutput
+#File objects for hardwired files:
+def file1 := <file:myFile.txt>
+def file2 := <file:/home/marcs/myFile.txt>
+
+#Using a variable for a file name:
+def filePath := "c:\\docs\\myFile.txt"
+def file3 := <file>[filePath]
+
+#Using a single character to specify a Windows drive
+def file4 := <file:c:/docs/myFile.txt>
+def file5 := <c:/docs/myFile.txt>
+def file6 := <c:\docs\myFile.txt>

samples/E/Promises.E

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# E snippet from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Distributed_Computing/Promises
+when (tempVow) -> {
+    #...use tempVow
+} catch prob {
+    #.... report problem
+} finally {
+    #....log event
+}

samples/E/minChat.E

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# from
+# http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Walnut/Secure_Distributed_Computing/Auditing_minChat
+pragma.syntax("0.9")
+to send(message) {
+    when (friend<-receive(message)) -> {
+        chatUI.showMessage("self", message)
+    } catch prob {chatUI.showMessage("system", "connection lost")}
+}
+to receive(message) {chatUI.showMessage("friend", message)}
+to receiveFriend(friendRcvr) {
+    bind friend := friendRcvr        
+    chatUI.showMessage("system", "friend has arrived")
+}
+to save(file) {file.setText(makeURIFromObject(chatController))}
+to load(file) {
+    bind friend := getObjectFromURI(file.getText())
+    friend <- receiveFriend(chatController)
+}

samples/GAP/Magic.gd

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+##  Magic.gd                                         AutoDoc package
+##
+##  Copyright 2013, Max Horn, JLU Giessen
+##                  Sebastian Gutsche, University of Kaiserslautern
+##
+#############################################################################
+
+
+#! @Description
+#! This is the main function of the &AutoDoc; package. It can perform
+#! any combination of the following three tasks:
+#! <Enum>
+#! <Item>
+#!     It can (re)generate a scaffold for your package manual.
+#!     That is, it can produce two XML files in &GAPDoc; format to be used as part
+#!     of your manual: First, a file named <F>doc/PACKAGENAME.xml</F>
+#!     (with your package's name substituted) which is used as
+#!     main file for the package manual, i.e. this file sets the
+#!     XML DOCTYPE and defines various XML entities, includes
+#!     other XML files (both those generated by &AutoDoc; as well
+#!     as additional files created by other means), tells &GAPDoc;
+#!     to generate a table of content and an index, and more.
+#!     Secondly, it creates a file <F>doc/title.xml</F> containing a title
+#!     page for your documentation, with information about your package
+#!     (name, description, version), its authors and more, based
+#!     on the data in your <F>PackageInfo.g</F>.
+#! </Item>
+#! <Item>
+#!     It can scan your package for &AutoDoc; based documentation (by using &AutoDoc;
+#!     tags and the Autodoc command.
+#!     This will
+#!     produce further XML files to be used as part of the package manual.
+#! </Item>
+#! <Item>
+#!     It can use &GAPDoc; to generate PDF, text and HTML (with
+#!     MathJaX enabled) documentation from the &GAPDoc; XML files it
+#!     generated as well as additional such files provided by you. For
+#!     this, it invokes <Ref Func='MakeGAPDocDoc' BookName='gapdoc'/>
+#!     to convert the XML sources, and it also instructs &GAPDoc; to copy
+#!     supplementary files (such as CSS style files) into your doc directory
+#!     (see <Ref Func='CopyHTMLStyleFiles' BookName='gapdoc'/>).
+#! </Item>
+#! </Enum>
+#! For more information and some examples, please refer to Chapter <Ref Label='Tutorials'/>.
+#! <P/>
+#! The parameters have the following meanings:
+#! <List>
+#!
+#! <Mark><A>package_name</A></Mark>
+#! <Item>
+#!     The name of the package whose documentation should be(re)generated.
+#! </Item>
+#!
+#!
+#! <Mark><A>option_record</A></Mark>
+#! <Item>
+#!     <A>option_record</A> can be a record with some additional options.
+#!     The following are currently supported:
+#!     <List>
+#!     <Mark><A>dir</A></Mark>
+#!     <Item>
+#!         This should be a string containing a (relative) path or a
+#!         Directory() object specifying where the package documentation
+#!         (i.e. the &GAPDoc; XML files) are stored.
+#!         <Br/>
+#!         <E>Default value: <C>"doc/"</C>.</E>
+#!     </Item>
+#!     <Mark><A>scaffold</A></Mark>
+#!     <Item>
+#!         This controls whether and how to generate scaffold XML files
+#!         for the main and title page of the package's documentation. 
+#!         <P/>
+#!         The value should be either <K>true</K>, <K>false</K> or a
+#!         record. If it is a record or <K>true</K> (the latter is
+#!         equivalent to specifying an empty record), then this feature is
+#!         enabled. It is also enabled if <A>opt.scaffold</A> is missing but the
+#!         package's info record in <F>PackageInfo.g</F> has an <C>AutoDoc</C> entry.
+#!         In all other cases (in particular if <A>opt.scaffold</A> is
+#!         <K>false</K>), scaffolding is disabled.
+#!         <P/>
+#!
+#!         If <A>opt.scaffold</A> is a record, it may contain the following entries.
+#!
+#### TODO: mention merging with PackageInfo.AutoDoc!
+#!         <List>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>includes</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A list of XML files to be included in the body of the main XML file.
+#!             If you specify this list and also are using &AutoDoc; to document
+#!             your operations with &AutoDoc; comments,
+#!             you can add <F>AutoDocMainFile.xml</F> to this list
+#!             to control at which point the documentation produced by &AutoDoc;
+#!             is inserted. If you do not do this, it will be added after the last
+#!             of your own XML files.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>appendix</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             This entry is similar to <A>opt.scaffold.includes</A> but is used
+#!             to specify files to include after the main body of the manual,
+#!             i.e. typically appendices.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>bib</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             The name of a bibliography file, in Bibtex or XML format.
+#!             If this key is not set, but there is a file <F>doc/PACKAGENAME.bib</F>
+#!             then it is assumed that you want to use this as your bibliography.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#### TODO: The 'entities' param is a bit strange. We should probably change it to be a bit more
+#### general, as one might want to define other entities... For now, we do not document it
+#### to leave us the choice of revising how it works.
+####
+####                 <Mark><A>entities</A></Mark>
+####                 <Item>
+####                     A list of package names or other entities which are used to define corresponding XML entities.
+####                     For example, if set to a list containing the string <Q>SomePackage</Q>,
+####                     then the following is added to the XML preamble:
+####                     <Listing><![CDATA[<!ENTITY SomePackage '<Package>SomePackage</Package>'>]]></Listing>
+####                     This allows you to write <Q>&amp;SomePackage;</Q> in your documentation
+####                     to reference that package. If another type of entity is desired, one can simply add,
+####                     instead of a string, add a two entry list <A>a</A> to the list. It will be handled as
+####                     <Listing><![CDATA[<!ENTITY a[ 2 ] '<a[ 1 ]>a[ 2 ]</a[ 1 ]>'>]]></Listing>,
+####                     so please be careful.
+####                 </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>TitlePage</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A record whose entries are used to embellish the generated titlepage
+#!             for the package manual with extra information, such as a copyright
+#!             statement or acknowledgments. To this end, the names of the record
+#!             components are used as XML element names, and the values of the
+#!             components are outputted as content of these XML elements. For
+#!             example, you could pass the following record to set a custom
+#!             acknowledgements text:
+#!             <Listing><![CDATA[
+#!             rec( Acknowledgements := "Many thanks to ..." )]]></Listing>
+#!             For a list of valid entries in the titlepage, please refer to the
+#!             &GAPDoc; manual, specifically section <Ref Subsect='Title' BookName='gapdoc'/>
+#!             and following.
+#!         </Item>
+#!         <Mark><A>document_class</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             Sets the document class of the resulting pdf. The value can either be a string
+#!             which has to be the name of the new document class, a list containing this string, or
+#!             a list of two strings. Then the first one has to be the document class name, the second one
+#!             the option string ( contained in [ ] ) in LaTeX.
+#!         </Item>
+#!         <Mark><A>latex_header_file</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             Replaces the standard header from &GAPDoc; completely with the header in this LaTeX file.
+#!             Please be careful here, and look at GAPDoc's latexheader.tex file for an example.
+#!         </Item>
+#!         <Mark><A>gapdoc_latex_options</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             Must be a record with entries which can be understood by SetGapDocLaTeXOptions. Each entry can be a string, which
+#!             will be given to &GAPDoc; directly, or a list containing of two entries: The first one must be the string "file",
+#!             the second one a filename. This file will be read and then its content is passed to &GAPDoc; as option with the name
+#!             of the entry.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         </List>
+#!     </Item>
+#!
+#!
+#!     <Mark><A>autodoc</A></Mark>
+#!     <Item>
+#!         This controls whether and how to generate addition XML documentation files
+#!         by scanning for &AutoDoc; documentation comments.
+#!         <P/>
+#!         The value should be either <K>true</K>, <K>false</K> or a
+#!         record. If it is a record or <K>true</K> (the latter is
+#!         equivalent to specifying an empty record), then this feature is
+#!         enabled. It is also enabled if <A>opt.autodoc</A> is missing but the
+#!         package depends (directly) on the &AutoDoc; package.
+#!         In all other cases (in particular if <A>opt.autodoc</A> is
+#!         <K>false</K>), this feature is disabled.
+#!         <P/>
+#!
+#!         If <A>opt.autodoc</A> is a record, it may contain the following entries.
+#!
+#!         <List>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>files</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A list of files (given by paths relative to the package directory)
+#!             to be scanned for &AutoDoc; documentation comments.
+#!             Usually it is more convenient to use <A>autodoc.scan_dirs</A>, see below.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>scan_dirs</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A list of subdirectories of the package directory (given as relative paths)
+#!             which &AutoDoc; then scans for .gi, .gd and .g files; all of these files
+#!             are then scanned for &AutoDoc; documentation comments.
+#!             <Br/>
+#!             <E>Default value: <C>[ "gap", "lib", "examples", "examples/doc" ]</C>.</E>
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>level</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             This defines the level of the created documentation. The default value is 0.
+#!             When parts of the manual are declared with a higher value
+#!             they will not be printed into the manual.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#### TODO: Document section_intros later on.
+#### However, note that thanks to the new AutoDoc comment syntax, the only remaining
+#### use for this seems to be the ability to specify the order of chapters and
+#### sections.
+####                 <Mark><A>section_intros</A></Mark>
+####                 <Item>
+####                     TODO.
+####                 </Item>
+#!
+#!         </List>
+#!     </Item>
+#!
+#!
+#!     <Mark><A>gapdoc</A></Mark>
+#!     <Item>
+#!         This controls whether and how to invoke &GAPDoc; to create HTML, PDF and text
+#!         files from your various XML files.
+#!         <P/>
+#!         The value should be either <K>true</K>, <K>false</K> or a
+#!         record. If it is a record or <K>true</K> (the latter is
+#!         equivalent to specifying an empty record), then this feature is
+#!         enabled. It is also enabled if <A>opt.gapdoc</A> is missing.
+#!         In all other cases (in particular if <A>opt.gapdoc</A> is
+#!         <K>false</K>), this feature is disabled.
+#!         <P/>
+#!
+#!         If <A>opt.gapdoc</A> is a record, it may contain the following entries.
+#!
+#!         <List>
+#!
+#!
+#### Note: 'main' is strictly speaking also used for the scaffold.
+#### However, if one uses the scaffolding mechanism, then it is not
+#### really necessary to specify a custom name for the main XML file.
+#### Thus, the purpose of this parameter is to cater for packages
+#### that have existing documentation using a different XML name,
+#### and which do not wish to use scaffolding.
+####
+#### This explain why we only allow specifying gapdoc.main.
+#### The scaffolding code will still honor it, though, just in case.
+#!         <Mark><A>main</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             The name of the main XML file of the package manual.
+#!             This exists primarily to support packages with existing manual
+#!             which use a filename here which differs from the default.
+#!             In particular, specifying this is unnecessary when using scaffolding.
+#!             <Br/>
+#!             <E>Default value: <C>PACKAGENAME.xml</C></E>.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>files</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A list of files (given by paths relative to the package directory)
+#!             to be scanned for &GAPDoc; documentation comments.
+#!             Usually it is more convenient to use <A>gapdoc.scan_dirs</A>, see below.
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         <Mark><A>scan_dirs</A></Mark>
+#!         <Item>
+#!             A list of subdirectories of the package directory (given as relative paths)
+#!             which &AutoDoc; then scans for .gi, .gd and .g files; all of these files
+#!             are then scanned for &GAPDoc; documentation comments.
+#!             <Br/>
+#!             <E>Default value: <C>[ "gap", "lib", "examples", "examples/doc" ]</C>.</E>
+#!         </Item>
+#!
+#!         </List>
+#!     </Item>
+## This is the maketest part. Still under construction.
+#!        <Mark><A>maketest</A></Mark>
+#!        <Item>
+#!          The maketest item can be true or a record. When it is true,
+#!          a simple maketest.g is created in the main package directory,
+#!          which can be used to test the examples from the manual. As a record,
+#!          the entry can have the following entries itself, to specify some options.
+#!          <List>
+#!          <Mark>filename</Mark>
+#!          <Item>
+#!            Sets the name of the test file.
+#!          </Item>
+#!          <Mark>commands</Mark>
+#!          <Item>
+#!            A list of strings, each one a command, which
+#!            will be executed at the beginning of the test file.
+#!          </Item>
+#!          </List>
+#!        </Item>
+#!
+#!     </List>
+#! </Item>
+#! </List>
+#!
+#! @Returns nothing
+#! @Arguments package_name[, option_record ]
+#! @ChapterInfo AutoDoc, The AutoDoc() function
+DeclareGlobalFunction( "AutoDoc" );
+

samples/GAP/Magic.gi

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+##  Magic.gi                                         AutoDoc package
+##
+##  Copyright 2013, Max Horn, JLU Giessen
+##                  Sebastian Gutsche, University of Kaiserslautern
+##
+#############################################################################
+
+# Check if a string has the given suffix or not. Another
+# name for this would "StringEndsWithOtherString".
+# For example, AUTODOC_HasSuffix("file.gi", ".gi") returns
+# true while AUTODOC_HasSuffix("file.txt", ".gi") returns false.
+BindGlobal( "AUTODOC_HasSuffix",
+function(str, suffix)
+    local n, m;
+    n := Length(str);
+    m := Length(suffix);
+    return n >= m and str{[n-m+1..n]} = suffix;
+end );
+
+# Given a string containing a ".", , return its suffix,
+# i.e. the bit after the last ".". For example, given "test.txt",
+# it returns "txt".
+BindGlobal( "AUTODOC_GetSuffix",
+function(str)
+    local i;
+    i := Length(str);
+    while i > 0 and str[i] <> '.' do i := i - 1; od;
+    if i < 0 then return ""; fi;
+    return str{[i+1..Length(str)]};
+end );
+
+# Check whether the given directory exists, and if not, attempt
+# to create it.
+BindGlobal( "AUTODOC_CreateDirIfMissing",
+function(d)
+    local tmp;
+    if not IsDirectoryPath(d) then
+        tmp := CreateDir(d); # Note: CreateDir is currently undocumented
+        if tmp = fail then
+            Error("Cannot create directory ", d, "\n",
+                  "Error message: ", LastSystemError().message, "\n");
+            return false;
+        fi;
+    fi;
+    return true;
+end );
+
+
+# Scan the given (by name) subdirs of a package dir for
+# files with one of the given extensions, and return the corresponding
+# filenames, as relative paths (relative to the package dir).
+#
+# For example, the invocation
+#   AUTODOC_FindMatchingFiles("AutoDoc", [ "gap/" ], [ "gi", "gd" ]);
+# might return a list looking like
+#  [ "gap/AutoDocMainFunction.gd", "gap/AutoDocMainFunction.gi", ... ]
+BindGlobal( "AUTODOC_FindMatchingFiles",
+function (pkg, subdirs, extensions)
+    local d_rel, d, tmp, files, result;
+
+    result := [];
+
+    for d_rel in subdirs do
+        # Get the absolute path to the directory in side the package...
+        d := DirectoriesPackageLibrary( pkg, d_rel );
+        if IsEmpty( d ) then
+            continue;
+        fi;
+        d := d[1];
+        # ... but also keep the relative path (such as "gap")
+        d_rel := Directory( d_rel );
+
+        files := DirectoryContents( d );
+        Sort( files );
+        for tmp in files do
+            if not AUTODOC_GetSuffix( tmp ) in [ "g", "gi", "gd", "autodoc" ] then
+                continue;
+            fi;
+            if not IsReadableFile( Filename( d, tmp ) ) then
+                continue;
+            fi;
+            Add( result, Filename( d_rel, tmp ) );
+        od;
+    od;
+    return result;
+end );
+
+
+# AutoDoc(pkg[, opt])
+#
+## Make this function callable with the package_name AutoDocWorksheet.
+## Which will then create a worksheet!
+InstallGlobalFunction( AutoDoc,
+function( arg )
+    local pkg, package_info, opt, scaffold, gapdoc, maketest,
+          autodoc, pkg_dir, doc_dir, doc_dir_rel, d, tmp,
+          title_page, tree, is_worksheet, position_document_class, i, gapdoc_latex_option_record;
+    
+    pkg := arg[1];
+    
+    if LowercaseString( pkg ) = "autodocworksheet" then
+        is_worksheet := true;
+        package_info := rec( );
+        pkg_dir := DirectoryCurrent( );
+    else
+        is_worksheet := false;
+        package_info := PackageInfo( pkg )[ 1 ];
+        pkg_dir := DirectoriesPackageLibrary( pkg, "" )[1];
+    fi;
+
+    if Length(arg) >= 2 then
+        opt := arg[2];
+    else
+        opt := rec();
+    fi;
+
+    # Check for certain user supplied options, and if present, add them
+    # to the opt record.
+    tmp := function( key )
+        local val;
+        val := ValueOption( key );
+        if val <> fail then
+            opt.(key) := val;
+        fi;
+    end;
+    
+    tmp( "dir" );
+    tmp( "scaffold" );
+    tmp( "autodoc" );
+    tmp( "gapdoc" );
+    tmp( "maketest" );
+    
+    #
+    # Setup the output directory
+    #
+    if not IsBound( opt.dir ) then
+        doc_dir := "doc";
+    elif IsString( opt.dir ) or IsDirectory( opt.dir ) then
+        doc_dir := opt.dir;
+    else
+        Error( "opt.dir must be a string containing a path, or a directory object" );
+    fi;
+    
+    if IsString( doc_dir ) then
+        # Record the relative version of the path
+        doc_dir_rel := Directory( doc_dir );
+
+        # We intentionally do not use
+        #   DirectoriesPackageLibrary( pkg, "doc" )
+        # because it returns an empty list if the subdirectory is missing.
+        # But we want to handle that case by creating the directory.
+        doc_dir := Filename(pkg_dir, doc_dir);
+        doc_dir := Directory(doc_dir);
+
+    else
+        # TODO: doc_dir_rel = ... ?
+    fi;
+
+    # Ensure the output directory exists, create it if necessary
+    AUTODOC_CreateDirIfMissing(Filename(doc_dir, ""));
+    
+    # Let the developer know where we are generating the documentation.
+    # This helps diagnose problems where multiple instances of a package
+    # are visible to GAP and the wrong one is used for generating the
+    # documentation.
+    # TODO: Using Info() instead of Print?
+    Print( "Generating documentation in ", doc_dir, "\n" );
+
+    #
+    # Extract scaffolding settings, which can be controlled via
+    # opt.scaffold or package_info.AutoDoc. The former has precedence.
+    #
+    if not IsBound(opt.scaffold) then
+        # Default: enable scaffolding if and only if package_info.AutoDoc is present
+        if IsBound( package_info.AutoDoc ) then
+            scaffold := rec( );
+        fi;
+    elif IsRecord(opt.scaffold) then
+        scaffold := opt.scaffold;
+    elif IsBool(opt.scaffold) then
+        if opt.scaffold = true then
+            scaffold := rec();
+        fi;
+    else
+        Error("opt.scaffold must be a bool or a record");
+    fi;
+
+    # Merge package_info.AutoDoc into scaffold
+    if IsBound(scaffold) and IsBound( package_info.AutoDoc ) then
+        AUTODOC_APPEND_RECORD_WRITEONCE( scaffold, package_info.AutoDoc );
+    fi;
+    
+    if IsBound( scaffold ) then
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( scaffold, "TitlePage", true );
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( scaffold, "MainPage", true );
+    fi;
+
+    
+    #
+    # Extract AutoDoc settings
+    #
+    if not IsBound(opt.autodoc) and not is_worksheet then
+        # Enable AutoDoc support if the package depends on AutoDoc.
+        tmp := Concatenation( package_info.Dependencies.NeededOtherPackages,
+                              package_info.Dependencies.SuggestedOtherPackages );
+        if ForAny( tmp, x -> LowercaseString(x[1]) = "autodoc" ) then
+            autodoc := rec();
+        fi;
+    elif IsRecord(opt.autodoc) then
+        autodoc := opt.autodoc;
+    elif IsBool(opt.autodoc) and opt.autodoc = true then
+        autodoc := rec();
+    fi;
+    
+    if IsBound(autodoc) then
+        if not IsBound( autodoc.files ) then
+            autodoc.files := [ ];
+        fi;
+        
+        if not IsBound( autodoc.scan_dirs ) and not is_worksheet then
+            autodoc.scan_dirs := [ "gap", "lib", "examples", "examples/doc" ];
+        elif not IsBound( autodoc.scan_dirs ) and is_worksheet then
+            autodoc.scan_dirs := [ ];
+        fi;
+        
+        if not IsBound( autodoc.level ) then
+            autodoc.level := 0;
+        fi;
+        
+        PushOptions( rec( level_value := autodoc.level ) );
+        
+        if not is_worksheet then
+            Append( autodoc.files, AUTODOC_FindMatchingFiles(pkg, autodoc.scan_dirs, [ "g", "gi", "gd" ]) );
+        fi;
+    fi;
+
+    #
+    # Extract GAPDoc settings
+    #
+    if not IsBound( opt.gapdoc ) then
+        # Enable GAPDoc support by default
+        gapdoc := rec();
+    elif IsRecord( opt.gapdoc ) then
+        gapdoc := opt.gapdoc;
+    elif IsBool( opt.gapdoc ) and opt.gapdoc = true then
+        gapdoc := rec();
+    fi;
+    
+    #
+    # Extract test settings
+    #
+    
+    if IsBound( opt.maketest ) then
+        if IsRecord( opt.maketest ) then
+            maketest := opt.maketest;
+        elif opt.maketest = true then
+            maketest := rec( );
+        fi;
+    fi;
+    
+    if IsBound( gapdoc ) then
+
+        if not IsBound( gapdoc.main ) then
+            gapdoc.main := pkg;
+        fi;
+
+        # FIXME: the following may break if a package uses more than one book
+        if IsBound( package_info.PackageDoc ) and IsBound( package_info.PackageDoc[1].BookName ) then
+            gapdoc.bookname := package_info.PackageDoc[1].BookName;
+        elif not is_worksheet then
+            # Default: book name = package name
+            gapdoc.bookname := pkg;
+
+            Print("\n");
+            Print("WARNING: PackageInfo.g is missing a PackageDoc entry!\n");
+            Print("Without this, your package manual will not be recognized by the GAP help system.\n");
+            Print("You can correct this by adding the following to your PackageInfo.g:\n");
+            Print("PackageDoc := rec(\n");
+            Print("  BookName  := ~.PackageName,\n");
+            #Print("  BookName  := \"", pkg, "\",\n");
+            Print("  ArchiveURLSubset := [\"doc\"],\n");
+            Print("  HTMLStart := \"doc/chap0.html\",\n");
+            Print("  PDFFile   := \"doc/manual.pdf\",\n");
+            Print("  SixFile   := \"doc/manual.six\",\n");
+            Print("  LongTitle := ~.Subtitle,\n");
+            Print("),\n");
+            Print("\n");
+        fi;
+
+        if not IsBound( gapdoc.files ) then
+            gapdoc.files := [];
+        fi;
+
+        if not IsBound( gapdoc.scan_dirs ) and not is_worksheet then
+            gapdoc.scan_dirs := [ "gap", "lib", "examples", "examples/doc" ];
+        fi;
+        
+        if not is_worksheet then
+            Append( gapdoc.files, AUTODOC_FindMatchingFiles(pkg, gapdoc.scan_dirs, [ "g", "gi", "gd" ]) );
+        fi;
+
+        # Attempt to weed out duplicates as they may confuse GAPDoc (this
+        # won't work if there are any non-normalized paths in the list).
+        gapdoc.files := Set( gapdoc.files );
+        
+        # Convert the file paths in gapdoc.files, which are relative to
+        # the package directory, to paths which are relative to the doc directory.
+        # For this, we assume that doc_dir_rel is normalized (e.g.
+        # it does not contains '//') and relative.
+        d := Number( Filename( doc_dir_rel, "" ), x -> x = '/' );
+        d := Concatenation( ListWithIdenticalEntries(d, "../") );
+        gapdoc.files := List( gapdoc.files, f -> Concatenation( d, f ) );
+    fi;
+    
+    
+    # read tree
+    # FIXME: shouldn't tree be declared inside of an 'if IsBound(autodoc)' section?
+    tree := DocumentationTree( );
+    
+    if IsBound( autodoc ) then
+        if IsBound( autodoc.section_intros ) then
+            AUTODOC_PROCESS_INTRO_STRINGS( autodoc.section_intros : Tree := tree );
+        fi;
+    
+        AutoDocScanFiles( autodoc.files : PackageName := pkg, Tree := tree );
+    fi;
+    
+    if is_worksheet then
+        # FIXME: We use scaffold and autodoc here without checking whether
+        # they are bound. Does that mean worksheets always use them?
+        if IsRecord( scaffold.TitlePage ) and IsBound( scaffold.TitlePage.Title ) then
+            pkg := scaffold.TitlePage.Title;
+
+        elif IsBound( tree!.TitlePage.Title ) then
+            pkg := tree!.TitlePage.Title;
+
+        elif IsBound( autodoc.files ) and Length( autodoc.files ) > 0  then
+            pkg := autodoc.files[ 1 ];
+            
+            while Position( pkg, '/' ) <> fail do
+                Remove( pkg, 1 );
+            od;
+            
+            while Position( pkg, '.' ) <> fail do
+                Remove( pkg, Length( pkg ) );
+            od;
+
+        else
+            Error( "could not figure out a title." );
+        fi;
+        
+        if not IsString( pkg ) then
+            pkg := JoinStringsWithSeparator( pkg, " " );
+        fi;
+        
+        gapdoc.main := ReplacedString( pkg, " ", "_" );
+        gapdoc.bookname := ReplacedString( pkg, " ", "_" );
+    fi;
+    
+    #
+    # Generate scaffold
+    #
+    gapdoc_latex_option_record := rec( );
+    
+    if IsBound( scaffold ) then
+        ## Syntax is [ "class", [ "options" ] ]
+        if IsBound( scaffold.document_class ) then
+            position_document_class := PositionSublist( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head, "documentclass" );
+            
+            if IsString( scaffold.document_class ) then
+                scaffold.document_class := [ scaffold.document_class ];
+            fi;
+            
+            if position_document_class = fail then
+                Error( "something is wrong with the LaTeX header" );
+            fi;
+            
+            GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head := Concatenation(
+                  GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head{[ 1 .. PositionSublist( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head, "{", position_document_class ) ]},
+                  scaffold.document_class[ 1 ],
+                  GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head{[ PositionSublist( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head, "}", position_document_class ) .. Length( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head ) ]} );
+            
+            if Length( scaffold.document_class ) = 2 then
+                
+                GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head := Concatenation(
+                      GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head{[ 1 .. PositionSublist( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head, "[", position_document_class ) ]},
+                      scaffold.document_class[ 2 ],
+                      GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head{[ PositionSublist( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head, "]", position_document_class ) .. Length( GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head ) ]} );
+            fi;
+        fi;
+        
+        if IsBound( scaffold.latex_header_file ) then
+            GAPDoc2LaTeXProcs.Head := StringFile( scaffold.latex_header_file );
+        fi;
+        
+        if IsBound( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options ) then
+            if IsRecord( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options ) then
+                for i in RecNames( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options ) do
+                    if not IsString( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options.( i ) )
+                       and IsList( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options.( i ) )
+                       and LowercaseString( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options.( i )[ 1 ] ) = "file" then
+                        scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options.( i ) := StringFile( scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options.( i )[ 2 ] );
+                    fi;
+                od;
+                
+                gapdoc_latex_option_record := scaffold.gapdoc_latex_options;
+            fi;
+        fi;
+        
+        if not IsBound( scaffold.includes ) then
+            scaffold.includes := [ ];
+        fi;
+
+        if IsBound( autodoc ) then
+            # If scaffold.includes is already set, then we add
+            # AutoDocMainFile.xml to it, but *only* if it not already
+            # there. This way, package authors can control where
+            # it is put in their includes list.
+            if not "AutoDocMainFile.xml" in scaffold.includes then
+                Add( scaffold.includes, "AutoDocMainFile.xml" );
+            fi;
+        fi;
+
+        if IsBound( scaffold.bib ) and IsBool( scaffold.bib ) then
+            if scaffold.bib = true then
+                scaffold.bib := Concatenation( pkg, ".bib" );
+            else
+                Unbind( scaffold.bib );
+            fi;
+        elif not IsBound( scaffold.bib ) then
+            # If there is a doc/PKG.bib file, assume that we want to reference it in the scaffold.
+            if IsReadableFile( Filename( doc_dir, Concatenation( pkg, ".bib" ) ) ) then
+                scaffold.bib := Concatenation( pkg, ".bib" );
+            fi;
+        fi;
+        
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( scaffold, "index", true );
+
+        if IsBound( gapdoc ) then
+            if AUTODOC_GetSuffix( gapdoc.main ) = "xml" then
+                scaffold.main_xml_file := gapdoc.main;
+            else
+                scaffold.main_xml_file := Concatenation( gapdoc.main, ".xml" );
+            fi;
+        fi;
+
+        # TODO: It should be possible to only rebuild the title page. (Perhaps also only the main page? but this is less important)
+        if IsBound( scaffold.TitlePage ) then
+            if IsRecord( scaffold.TitlePage ) then
+                title_page := scaffold.TitlePage;
+            else
+                title_page := rec( );
+            fi;
+            
+            AUTODOC_WriteOnce( title_page, "dir", doc_dir );
+            AUTODOC_APPEND_RECORD_WRITEONCE( title_page, tree!.TitlePage );
+            
+            if not is_worksheet then
+                AUTODOC_APPEND_RECORD_WRITEONCE( title_page, ExtractTitleInfoFromPackageInfo( pkg ) );
+            fi;
+            
+            CreateTitlePage( title_page );
+        fi;
+        
+        if IsBound( scaffold.MainPage ) and scaffold.MainPage <> false then
+            scaffold.dir := doc_dir;
+            scaffold.book_name := pkg;
+            CreateMainPage( scaffold );
+        fi;
+    fi;
+    
+    #
+    # Run AutoDoc
+    #
+    if IsBound( autodoc ) then
+        WriteDocumentation( tree, doc_dir );
+    fi;
+    
+    
+    #
+    # Run GAPDoc
+    #
+    if IsBound( gapdoc ) then
+
+        # Ask GAPDoc to use UTF-8 as input encoding for LaTeX, as the XML files
+        # of the documentation are also in UTF-8 encoding, and may contain characters
+        # not contained in the default Latin 1 encoding.
+        SetGapDocLaTeXOptions( "utf8", gapdoc_latex_option_record );
+
+        MakeGAPDocDoc( doc_dir, gapdoc.main, gapdoc.files, gapdoc.bookname, "MathJax" );
+
+        CopyHTMLStyleFiles( Filename( doc_dir, "" ) );
+
+        # The following (undocumented) API is there for compatibility
+        # with old-style gapmacro.tex based package manuals. It
+        # produces a manual.lab file which those packages can use if
+        # they wish to link to things in the manual we are currently
+        # generating. This can probably be removed eventually, but for
+        # now, doing it does not hurt.
+        
+        # FIXME: It seems that this command does not work if pdflatex
+        #        is not present. Maybe we should remove it.
+        
+        if not is_worksheet then
+            GAPDocManualLab( pkg );
+        fi;
+
+    fi;
+    
+    if IsBound( maketest ) then
+        
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "filename", "maketest.g" );
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "folder", pkg_dir );
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "scan_dir", doc_dir );
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "files_to_scan", gapdoc.files );
+
+        if IsString( maketest.folder ) then
+            maketest.folder := Directory( maketest.folder );
+        fi;
+        
+        if IsString( maketest.scan_dir ) then
+            maketest.scan_dir := Directory( maketest.scan_dir );
+        fi;
+        
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "commands", [ ] );
+        AUTODOC_WriteOnce( maketest, "book_name", gapdoc.main );
+        
+        CreateMakeTest( maketest );
+    fi;
+
+    return true;
+end );

samples/GAP/PackageInfo.g

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#############################################################################
+##  
+##  PackageInfo.g for the package `cvec'                      Max Neunhoeffer
+##
+##  (created from Frank Lübeck's PackageInfo.g template file)
+##  
+
+SetPackageInfo( rec(
+
+PackageName := "cvec",
+Subtitle := "Compact vectors over finite fields",
+Version := "2.5.1",
+Date := "04/04/2014", # dd/mm/yyyy format
+
+##  Information about authors and maintainers.
+Persons := [
+  rec( 
+    LastName      := "Neunhoeffer",
+    FirstNames    := "Max",
+    IsAuthor      := true,
+    IsMaintainer  := false,
+    Email         := "neunhoef@mcs.st-and.ac.uk",
+    WWWHome       := "http://www-groups.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~neunhoef/",
+    PostalAddress := Concatenation( [
+                       "School of Mathematics and Statistics\n",
+                       "University of St Andrews\n",
+                       "Mathematical Institute\n",
+                       "North Haugh\n",
+                       "St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS\n",
+                       "Scotland, UK" ] ),
+    Place         := "St Andrews",
+    Institution   := "University of St Andrews"
+  ),
+],
+
+##  Status information. Currently the following cases are recognized:
+##    "accepted"      for successfully refereed packages
+##    "deposited"     for packages for which the GAP developers agreed 
+##                    to distribute them with the core GAP system
+##    "dev"           for development versions of packages 
+##    "other"         for all other packages
+##
+# Status := "accepted",
+Status := "deposited",
+
+##  You must provide the next two entries if and only if the status is 
+##  "accepted" because is was successfully refereed:
+# format: 'name (place)'
+# CommunicatedBy := "Mike Atkinson (St. Andrews)",
+#CommunicatedBy := "",
+# format: mm/yyyy
+# AcceptDate := "08/1999",
+#AcceptDate := "",
+
+PackageWWWHome := "http://neunhoef.github.io/cvec/",
+README_URL     := Concatenation(~.PackageWWWHome, "README"),
+PackageInfoURL := Concatenation(~.PackageWWWHome, "PackageInfo.g"),
+ArchiveURL     := Concatenation("https://github.com/neunhoef/cvec/",
+                                "releases/download/v", ~.Version,
+                                "/cvec-", ~.Version),
+ArchiveFormats := ".tar.gz .tar.bz2",
+
+##  Here you  must provide a short abstract explaining the package content 
+##  in HTML format (used on the package overview Web page) and an URL 
+##  for a Webpage with more detailed information about the package
+##  (not more than a few lines, less is ok):
+##  Please, use '<span class="pkgname">GAP</span>' and
+##  '<span class="pkgname">MyPKG</span>' for specifing package names.
+##  
+AbstractHTML := 
+  "This package provides an implementation of compact vectors over finite\
+   fields. Contrary to earlier implementations no table lookups are used\
+   but only word-based processor arithmetic. This allows for bigger finite\
+   fields and higher speed.",
+
+PackageDoc := rec(
+  BookName  := "cvec",
+  ArchiveURLSubset := ["doc"],
+  HTMLStart := "doc/chap0.html",
+  PDFFile   := "doc/manual.pdf",
+  SixFile   := "doc/manual.six",
+  LongTitle := "Compact vectors over finite fields",
+),
+
+Dependencies := rec(
+  GAP := ">=4.5.5",
+  NeededOtherPackages := [
+    ["GAPDoc", ">= 1.2"],
+    ["IO", ">= 4.1"],
+    ["orb", ">= 4.2"],
+  ],
+  SuggestedOtherPackages := [],
+  ExternalConditions := []
+),
+
+AvailabilityTest := function()
+  if not "cvec" in SHOW_STAT() and
+     Filename(DirectoriesPackagePrograms("cvec"), "cvec.so") = fail then
+    #Info(InfoWarning, 1, "cvec: kernel cvec functions not available.");
+    return fail;
+  fi;
+  return true;
+end,
+
+##  *Optional*, but recommended: path relative to package root to a file which 
+##  contains as many tests of the package functionality as sensible.
+#TestFile := "tst/testall.g",
+
+##  *Optional*: Here you can list some keyword related to the topic 
+##  of the package.
+Keywords := []
+
+));
+
+

samples/GAP/example.gd

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+#W  example.gd
+##
+##  This file contains a sample of a GAP declaration file.
+##
+DeclareProperty( "SomeProperty", IsLeftModule );
+DeclareGlobalFunction( "SomeGlobalFunction" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsQuuxFrobnicator(<R>)
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsQuuxFrobnicator" Arg='R' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  Tests whether R is a quux frobnicator.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsQuuxFrobnicator", IsField and IsGroup );

samples/GAP/example.gi

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+#W  example.gd
+##
+##  This file contains a sample of a GAP implementation file.
+##
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  SomeOperation( <val> )
+##
+##  performs some operation on <val>
+##
+InstallMethod( SomeProperty,
+    "for left modules",
+    [ IsLeftModule ], 0,
+    function( M )
+    if IsFreeLeftModule( M ) and not IsTrivial( M ) then
+      return true;
+    fi;
+    TryNextMethod();
+    end );
+
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  SomeGlobalFunction( )
+##
+##  A global variadic funfion.
+##
+InstallGlobalFunction( SomeGlobalFunction, function( arg )
+    if Length( arg ) = 3 then
+      return arg[1] + arg[2] * arg[3];
+    elif Length( arg ) = 2 then
+      return arg[1] - arg[2]
+    else
+      Error( "usage: SomeGlobalFunction( <x>, <y>[, <z>] )" );
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+
+#
+# A plain function.
+#
+SomeFunc := function(x, y)
+    local z, func, tmp, j;
+    z := x * 1.0;
+    y := 17^17 - y;
+    func := a -> a mod 5;
+    tmp := List( [1..50], func );
+    while y > 0 do
+        for j in tmp do
+            Print(j, "\n");
+        od;
+        repeat
+            y := y - 1;
+        until 0 < 1;
+        y := y -1;
+    od;
+    return z;
+end;
+        

samples/GAP/vspc.gd

@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+#W  vspc.gd                     GAP library                     Thomas Breuer
+##
+##
+#Y  Copyright (C)  1997,  Lehrstuhl D für Mathematik,  RWTH Aachen,  Germany
+#Y  (C) 1998 School Math and Comp. Sci., University of St Andrews, Scotland
+#Y  Copyright (C) 2002 The GAP Group
+##
+##  This file declares the operations for vector spaces.
+##
+##  The operations for bases of free left modules can be found in the file
+##  <F>lib/basis.gd<F>.
+##
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsLeftOperatorRing(<R>)
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsLeftOperatorRing" Arg='R' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsLeftOperatorRing",
+    IsLeftOperatorAdditiveGroup and IsRing and IsAssociativeLOpDProd );
+#T really?
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsLeftOperatorRingWithOne(<R>)
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsLeftOperatorRingWithOne" Arg='R' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsLeftOperatorRingWithOne",
+    IsLeftOperatorAdditiveGroup and IsRingWithOne
+    and IsAssociativeLOpDProd );
+#T really?
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsLeftVectorSpace( <V> )
+#C  IsVectorSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsLeftVectorSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsLeftVectorSpace" Arg='V' Type='Category'/>
+##  <Filt Name="IsVectorSpace" Arg='V' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A <E>vector space</E> in &GAP; is a free left module
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsFreeLeftModule"/>) over a division ring
+##  (see Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Fields and Division Rings"/>).
+##  <P/>
+##  Whenever we talk about an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A> then <A>V</A> is
+##  an additive group (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsAdditiveGroup"/>) on which the
+##  division ring <M>F</M> acts via multiplication from the left such that
+##  this action and the addition in <A>V</A> are left and right distributive.
+##  The division ring <M>F</M> can be accessed as value of the attribute
+##  <Ref Func="LeftActingDomain"/>.
+##  <P/>
+##  Vector spaces in &GAP; are always <E>left</E> vector spaces,
+##  <Ref Filt="IsLeftVectorSpace"/> and <Ref Filt="IsVectorSpace"/> are
+##  synonyms.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsLeftVectorSpace",
+    IsLeftModule and IsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing );
+
+DeclareSynonym( "IsVectorSpace", IsLeftVectorSpace );
+
+InstallTrueMethod( IsFreeLeftModule,
+    IsLeftModule and IsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsGaussianSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsGaussianSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsGaussianSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  The filter <Ref Filt="IsGaussianSpace"/> (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Filters"/>)
+##  for the row space (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsRowSpace"/>)
+##  or matrix space (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsMatrixSpace"/>) <A>V</A>
+##  over the field <M>F</M>, say,
+##  indicates that the entries of all row vectors or matrices in <A>V</A>,
+##  respectively, are all contained in <M>F</M>.
+##  In this case, <A>V</A> is called a <E>Gaussian</E> vector space.
+##  Bases for Gaussian spaces can be computed using Gaussian elimination for
+##  a given list of vector space generators.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> mats:= [ [[1,1],[2,2]], [[3,4],[0,1]] ];;
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, mats );;
+##  gap> IsGaussianSpace( V );
+##  true
+##  gap> mats[1][1][1]:= E(4);;   # an element in an extension field
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, mats );;
+##  gap> IsGaussianSpace( V );
+##  false
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Field( Rationals, [ E(4) ] ), mats );;
+##  gap> IsGaussianSpace( V );
+##  true
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareFilter( "IsGaussianSpace", IsVectorSpace );
+
+InstallTrueMethod( IsGaussianSpace,
+    IsVectorSpace and IsFullMatrixModule );
+
+InstallTrueMethod( IsGaussianSpace,
+    IsVectorSpace and IsFullRowModule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsDivisionRing( <D> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsDivisionRing">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsDivisionRing" Arg='D' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A <E>division ring</E> in &GAP; is a nontrivial associative algebra
+##  <A>D</A> with a multiplicative inverse for each nonzero element.
+##  In &GAP; every division ring is a vector space over a division ring
+##  (possibly over itself).
+##  Note that being a division ring is thus not a property that a ring can
+##  get, because a ring is usually not represented as a vector space.
+##  <P/>
+##  The field of coefficients is stored as the value of the attribute
+##  <Ref Func="LeftActingDomain"/> of <A>D</A>.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonymAttr( "IsDivisionRing",
+        IsMagmaWithInversesIfNonzero
+    and IsLeftOperatorRingWithOne
+    and IsLeftVectorSpace
+    and IsNonTrivial
+    and IsAssociative
+    and IsEuclideanRing );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  GeneratorsOfLeftVectorSpace( <V> )
+#A  GeneratorsOfVectorSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="GeneratorsOfLeftVectorSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="GeneratorsOfLeftVectorSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##  <Attr Name="GeneratorsOfVectorSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A>,
+##  <Ref Attr="GeneratorsOfLeftVectorSpace"/> returns a list of vectors in
+##  <A>V</A> that generate <A>V</A> as an <M>F</M>-vector space.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> GeneratorsOfVectorSpace( FullRowSpace( Rationals, 3 ) );
+##  [ [ 1, 0, 0 ], [ 0, 1, 0 ], [ 0, 0, 1 ] ]
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonymAttr( "GeneratorsOfLeftVectorSpace",
+    GeneratorsOfLeftOperatorAdditiveGroup );
+
+DeclareSynonymAttr( "GeneratorsOfVectorSpace",
+    GeneratorsOfLeftOperatorAdditiveGroup );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  CanonicalBasis( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="CanonicalBasis">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="CanonicalBasis" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  If the vector space <A>V</A> supports a <E>canonical basis</E> then
+##  <Ref Attr="CanonicalBasis"/> returns this basis,
+##  otherwise <K>fail</K> is returned.
+##  <P/>
+##  The defining property of a canonical basis is that its vectors are
+##  uniquely determined by the vector space.
+##  If canonical bases exist for two vector spaces over the same left acting
+##  domain (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="LeftActingDomain"/>) then the equality of
+##  these vector spaces can be decided by comparing the canonical bases.
+##  <P/>
+##  The exact meaning of a canonical basis depends on the type of <A>V</A>.
+##  Canonical bases are defined for example for Gaussian row and matrix
+##  spaces (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Row and Matrix Spaces"/>).
+##  <P/>
+##  If one designs a new kind of vector spaces
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="How to Implement New Kinds of Vector Spaces"/>) and
+##  defines a canonical basis for these spaces then the
+##  <Ref Attr="CanonicalBasis"/> method one installs
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="InstallMethod"/>)
+##  must <E>not</E> call <Ref Func="Basis"/>.
+##  On the other hand, one probably should install a <Ref Func="Basis"/>
+##  method that simply calls <Ref Attr="CanonicalBasis"/>,
+##  the value of the method
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Method Installation"/> and
+##  <Ref Sect="Applicable Methods and Method Selection"/>)
+##  being <C>CANONICAL_BASIS_FLAGS</C>.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> vecs:= [ [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ] ];;
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, vecs );;
+##  gap> B:= CanonicalBasis( V );
+##  CanonicalBasis( <vector space over Rationals, with 3 generators> )
+##  gap> BasisVectors( B );
+##  [ [ 1, 0, -1 ], [ 0, 1, 2 ] ]
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareAttribute( "CanonicalBasis", IsFreeLeftModule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsRowSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsRowSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsRowSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A <E>row space</E> in &GAP; is a vector space that consists of
+##  row vectors (see Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Row Vectors"/>).
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsRowSpace", IsRowModule and IsVectorSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsGaussianRowSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsGaussianRowSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A row space is <E>Gaussian</E> if the left acting domain contains all
+##  scalars that occur in the vectors.
+##  Thus one can use Gaussian elimination in the calculations.
+##  <P/>
+##  (Otherwise the space is non-Gaussian.
+##  We will need a flag for this to write down methods that delegate from
+##  non-Gaussian spaces to Gaussian ones.)
+##  <!-- reformulate this when it becomes documented -->
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsGaussianRowSpace", IsGaussianSpace and IsRowSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsNonGaussianRowSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsNonGaussianRowSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  If an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A> is in the filter
+##  <Ref Func="IsNonGaussianRowSpace"/> then this expresses that <A>V</A>
+##  consists of row vectors (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsRowVector"/>) such
+##  that not all entries in these row vectors are contained in <M>F</M>
+##  (so Gaussian elimination cannot be used to compute an <M>F</M>-basis
+##  from a list of vector space generators),
+##  and that <A>V</A> is handled via the mechanism of nice bases
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref ???="..."/>) in the following way.
+##  Let <M>K</M> be the field spanned by the entries of all vectors in
+##  <A>V</A>.
+##  Then the <Ref Attr="NiceFreeLeftModuleInfo"/> value of <A>V</A> is
+##  a basis <M>B</M> of the field extension <M>K / ( K \cap F )</M>,
+##  and the <Ref Func="NiceVector"/> value of <M>v \in <A>V</A></M>
+##  is defined by replacing each entry of <M>v</M> by the list of its
+##  <M>B</M>-coefficients, and then forming the concatenation.
+##  <P/>
+##  So the associated nice vector space is a Gaussian row space
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsGaussianRowSpace"/>).
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareHandlingByNiceBasis( "IsNonGaussianRowSpace",
+    "for non-Gaussian row spaces" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsMatrixSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsMatrixSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsMatrixSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A <E>matrix space</E> in &GAP; is a vector space that consists of matrices
+##  (see Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Matrices"/>).
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsMatrixSpace", IsMatrixModule and IsVectorSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsGaussianMatrixSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsGaussianMatrixSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A matrix space is Gaussian if the left acting domain contains all
+##  scalars that occur in the vectors.
+##  Thus one can use Gaussian elimination in the calculations.
+##  <P/>
+##  (Otherwise the space is non-Gaussian.
+##  We will need a flag for this to write down methods that delegate from
+##  non-Gaussian spaces to Gaussian ones.)
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "IsGaussianMatrixSpace", IsGaussianSpace and IsMatrixSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsNonGaussianMatrixSpace( <V> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsNonGaussianMatrixSpace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  If an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A> is in the filter
+##  <Ref Func="IsNonGaussianMatrixSpace"/>
+##  then this expresses that <A>V</A> consists of matrices
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsMatrix"/>)
+##  such that not all entries in these matrices are contained in <M>F</M>
+##  (so Gaussian elimination cannot be used to compute an <M>F</M>-basis
+##  from a list of vector space generators),
+##  and that <A>V</A> is handled via the mechanism of nice bases
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref ???="..."/>) in the following way.
+##  Let <M>K</M> be the field spanned by the entries of all vectors in <A>V</A>.
+##  The <Ref Attr="NiceFreeLeftModuleInfo"/> value of <A>V</A> is irrelevant,
+##  and the <Ref Func="NiceVector"/> value of <M>v \in <A>V</A></M>
+##  is defined as the concatenation of the rows of <M>v</M>.
+##  <P/>
+##  So the associated nice vector space is a (not necessarily Gaussian)
+##  row space (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsRowSpace"/>).
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareHandlingByNiceBasis( "IsNonGaussianMatrixSpace",
+    "for non-Gaussian matrix spaces" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  NormedRowVectors( <V> ) . . .  normed vectors in a Gaussian row space <V>
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="NormedRowVectors">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="NormedRowVectors" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a finite Gaussian row space <A>V</A>
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsRowSpace"/>, <Ref Func="IsGaussianSpace"/>),
+##  <Ref Attr="NormedRowVectors"/> returns a list of those nonzero
+##  vectors in <A>V</A> that have a one in the first nonzero component.
+##  <P/>
+##  The result list can be used as action domain for the action of a matrix
+##  group via <Ref Func="OnLines"/>, which yields the natural action on
+##  one-dimensional subspaces of <A>V</A>
+##  (see also&nbsp;<Ref Func="Subspaces"/>).
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> vecs:= NormedRowVectors( GF(3)^2 );
+##  [ [ 0*Z(3), Z(3)^0 ], [ Z(3)^0, 0*Z(3) ], [ Z(3)^0, Z(3)^0 ], 
+##    [ Z(3)^0, Z(3) ] ]
+##  gap> Action( GL(2,3), vecs, OnLines );
+##  Group([ (3,4), (1,2,4) ])
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareAttribute( "NormedRowVectors", IsGaussianSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  TrivialSubspace( <V> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="TrivialSubspace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="TrivialSubspace" Arg='V'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a vector space <A>V</A>, <Ref Attr="TrivialSubspace"/> returns the
+##  subspace of <A>V</A> that consists of the zero vector in <A>V</A>.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> V:= GF(3)^3;;
+##  gap> triv:= TrivialSubspace( V );
+##  <vector space over GF(3), with 0 generators>
+##  gap> AsSet( triv );
+##  [ [ 0*Z(3), 0*Z(3), 0*Z(3) ] ]
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonymAttr( "TrivialSubspace", TrivialSubmodule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  VectorSpace( <F>, <gens>[, <zero>][, "basis"] )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="VectorSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="VectorSpace" Arg='F, gens[, zero][, "basis"]'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a field <A>F</A> and a collection <A>gens</A> of vectors,
+##  <Ref Func="VectorSpace"/> returns the <A>F</A>-vector space spanned by
+##  the elements in <A>gens</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  The optional argument <A>zero</A> can be used to specify the zero element
+##  of the space; <A>zero</A> <E>must</E> be given if <A>gens</A> is empty.
+##  The optional string <C>"basis"</C> indicates that <A>gens</A> is known to
+##  be linearly independent over <A>F</A>, in particular the dimension of the
+##  vector space is immediately set;
+##  note that <Ref Func="Basis"/> need <E>not</E> return the basis formed by
+##  <A>gens</A> if the string <C>"basis"</C> is given as an argument.
+##  <!-- crossref. to <C>FreeLeftModule</C> as soon as the modules chapter
+##       is reliable!-->
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, [ [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ] ] );
+##  <vector space over Rationals, with 2 generators>
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareGlobalFunction( "VectorSpace" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  Subspace( <V>, <gens>[, "basis"] )  . subspace of <V> generated by <gens>
+#F  SubspaceNC( <V>, <gens>[, "basis"] )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="Subspace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="Subspace" Arg='V, gens[, "basis"]'/>
+##  <Func Name="SubspaceNC" Arg='V, gens[, "basis"]'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A> and a list or collection
+##  <A>gens</A> that is a subset of <A>V</A>,
+##  <Ref Func="Subspace"/> returns the <M>F</M>-vector space spanned by
+##  <A>gens</A>; if <A>gens</A> is empty then the trivial subspace
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="TrivialSubspace"/>) of <A>V</A> is returned.
+##  The parent (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Parents"/>) of the returned vector space
+##  is set to <A>V</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  <Ref Func="SubspaceNC"/> does the same as <Ref Func="Subspace"/>,
+##  except that it omits the check whether <A>gens</A> is a subset of
+##  <A>V</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  The optional string <A>"basis"</A> indicates that <A>gens</A> is known to
+##  be linearly independent over <M>F</M>.
+##  In this case the dimension of the subspace is immediately set,
+##  and both <Ref Func="Subspace"/> and <Ref Func="SubspaceNC"/> do
+##  <E>not</E> check whether <A>gens</A> really is linearly independent and
+##  whether <A>gens</A> is a subset of <A>V</A>.
+##  <!-- crossref. to <C>Submodule</C> as soon as the modules chapter
+##       is reliable!-->
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, [ [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ] ] );;
+##  gap> W:= Subspace( V, [ [ 0, 1, 2 ] ] );
+##  <vector space over Rationals, with 1 generators>
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "Subspace", Submodule );
+
+DeclareSynonym( "SubspaceNC", SubmoduleNC );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#O  AsVectorSpace( <F>, <D> ) . . . . . . . . .  view <D> as <F>-vector space
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="AsVectorSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Oper Name="AsVectorSpace" Arg='F, D'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  Let <A>F</A> be a division ring and <A>D</A> a domain.
+##  If the elements in <A>D</A> form an <A>F</A>-vector space then
+##  <Ref Oper="AsVectorSpace"/> returns this <A>F</A>-vector space,
+##  otherwise <K>fail</K> is returned.
+##  <P/>
+##  <Ref Oper="AsVectorSpace"/> can be used for example to view a given
+##  vector space as a vector space over a smaller or larger division ring.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> V:= FullRowSpace( GF( 27 ), 3 );
+##  ( GF(3^3)^3 )
+##  gap> Dimension( V );  LeftActingDomain( V );
+##  3
+##  GF(3^3)
+##  gap> W:= AsVectorSpace( GF( 3 ), V );
+##  <vector space over GF(3), with 9 generators>
+##  gap> Dimension( W );  LeftActingDomain( W );
+##  9
+##  GF(3)
+##  gap> AsVectorSpace( GF( 9 ), V );
+##  fail
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "AsVectorSpace", AsLeftModule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#O  AsSubspace( <V>, <U> )  . . . . . . . . . . . view <U> as subspace of <V>
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="AsSubspace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Oper Name="AsSubspace" Arg='V, U'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  Let <A>V</A> be an <M>F</M>-vector space, and <A>U</A> a collection.
+##  If <A>U</A> is a subset of <A>V</A> such that the elements of <A>U</A>
+##  form an <M>F</M>-vector space then <Ref Oper="AsSubspace"/> returns this
+##  vector space, with parent set to <A>V</A>
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="AsVectorSpace"/>).
+##  Otherwise <K>fail</K> is returned.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> V:= VectorSpace( Rationals, [ [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ] ] );;
+##  gap> W:= VectorSpace( Rationals, [ [ 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 ] ] );;
+##  gap> U:= AsSubspace( V, W );
+##  <vector space over Rationals, with 1 generators>
+##  gap> Parent( U ) = V;
+##  true
+##  gap> AsSubspace( V, [ [ 1, 1, 1 ] ] );
+##  fail
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareOperation( "AsSubspace", [ IsVectorSpace, IsCollection ] );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  Intersection2Spaces( <AsStruct>, <Substruct>, <Struct> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="Intersection2Spaces" Arg='AsStruct, Substruct, Struct'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  is a function that takes two arguments <A>V</A> and <A>W</A> which must
+##  be finite dimensional vector spaces,
+##  and returns the intersection of <A>V</A> and <A>W</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  If the left acting domains are different then let <M>F</M> be their
+##  intersection.
+##  The intersection of <A>V</A> and <A>W</A> is computed as intersection of
+##  <C><A>AsStruct</A>( <A>F</A>, <A>V</A> )</C> and
+##  <C><A>AsStruct</A>( <A>F</A>, <A>V</A> )</C>.
+##  <P/>
+##  If the left acting domains are equal to <M>F</M> then the intersection of
+##  <A>V</A> and <A>W</A> is returned either as <M>F</M>-<A>Substruct</A>
+##  with the common parent of <A>V</A> and <A>W</A> or as
+##  <M>F</M>-<A>Struct</A>, in both cases with known basis.
+##  <P/>
+##  This function is used to handle the intersections of two vector spaces,
+##  two algebras, two algebras-with-one, two left ideals, two right ideals,
+##  two two-sided ideals.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareGlobalFunction( "Intersection2Spaces" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  FullRowSpace( <F>, <n> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="FullRowSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="FullRowSpace" Arg='F, n'/>
+##  <Meth Name="\^" Arg='F, n' Label="for a field and an integer"/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a field <A>F</A> and a nonnegative integer <A>n</A>,
+##  <Ref Func="FullRowSpace"/> returns the <A>F</A>-vector space that
+##  consists of all row vectors (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsRowVector"/>) of
+##  length <A>n</A> with entries in <A>F</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  An alternative to construct this vector space is via
+##  <A>F</A><C>^</C><A>n</A>.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> FullRowSpace( GF( 9 ), 3 );
+##  ( GF(3^2)^3 )
+##  gap> GF(9)^3;           # the same as above
+##  ( GF(3^2)^3 )
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "FullRowSpace", FullRowModule );
+DeclareSynonym( "RowSpace", FullRowModule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  FullMatrixSpace( <F>, <m>, <n> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="FullMatrixSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="FullMatrixSpace" Arg='F, m, n'/>
+##  <Meth Name="\^" Arg='F, dims'
+##   Label="for a field and a pair of integers"/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a field <A>F</A> and two positive integers <A>m</A> and <A>n</A>,
+##  <Ref Func="FullMatrixSpace"/> returns the <A>F</A>-vector space that
+##  consists of all <A>m</A> by <A>n</A> matrices
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsMatrix"/>) with entries in <A>F</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  If <A>m</A><C> = </C><A>n</A> then the result is in fact an algebra
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="FullMatrixAlgebra"/>).
+##  <P/>
+##  An alternative to construct this vector space is via
+##  <A>F</A><C>^[</C><A>m</A>,<A>n</A><C>]</C>.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> FullMatrixSpace( GF(2), 4, 5 );
+##  ( GF(2)^[ 4, 5 ] )
+##  gap> GF(2)^[ 4, 5 ];    # the same as above
+##  ( GF(2)^[ 4, 5 ] )
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareSynonym( "FullMatrixSpace", FullMatrixModule );
+DeclareSynonym( "MatrixSpace", FullMatrixModule );
+DeclareSynonym( "MatSpace", FullMatrixModule );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#C  IsSubspacesVectorSpace( <D> )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsSubspacesVectorSpace">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Filt Name="IsSubspacesVectorSpace" Arg='D' Type='Category'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  The domain of all subspaces of a (finite) vector space or of all
+##  subspaces of fixed dimension, as returned by <Ref Func="Subspaces"/>
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="Subspaces"/>) lies in the category
+##  <Ref Filt="IsSubspacesVectorSpace"/>.
+##  <Example><![CDATA[
+##  gap> D:= Subspaces( GF(3)^3 );
+##  Subspaces( ( GF(3)^3 ) )
+##  gap> Size( D );
+##  28
+##  gap> iter:= Iterator( D );;
+##  gap> NextIterator( iter );
+##  <vector space over GF(3), with 0 generators>
+##  gap> NextIterator( iter );
+##  <vector space of dimension 1 over GF(3)>
+##  gap> IsSubspacesVectorSpace( D );
+##  true
+##  ]]></Example>
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareCategory( "IsSubspacesVectorSpace", IsDomain );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  IsFinite( <D> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  for a subspaces domain
+##
+##  Returns `true' if <D> is finite.
+##  We allow subspaces domains in `IsSubspacesVectorSpace' only for finite
+##  vector spaces.
+##
+InstallTrueMethod( IsFinite, IsSubspacesVectorSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  Subspaces( <V>[, <k>] )
+##
+##  <#GAPDoc Label="Subspaces">
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="Subspaces" Arg='V[, k]'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  Called with a finite vector space <A>v</A>,
+##  <Ref Oper="Subspaces"/> returns the domain of all subspaces of <A>V</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  Called with <A>V</A> and a nonnegative integer <A>k</A>,
+##  <Ref Oper="Subspaces"/> returns the domain of all <A>k</A>-dimensional
+##  subspaces of <A>V</A>.
+##  <P/>
+##  Special <Ref Attr="Size"/> and <Ref Oper="Iterator"/> methods are
+##  provided for these domains.
+##  <!-- <C>Enumerator</C> would also be good ...
+##       (special treatment for full row spaces,
+##       other spaces delegate to this)-->
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##  <#/GAPDoc>
+##
+DeclareAttribute( "Subspaces", IsLeftModule );
+DeclareOperation( "Subspaces", [ IsLeftModule, IsInt ] );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsSubspace( <V>, <U> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Func Name="IsSubspace" Arg='V, U'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  check that <A>U</A> is a vector space that is contained in <A>V</A>
+##  <!-- Must also <A>V</A> be a vector space?
+##       If yes then must <A>V</A> and <A>U</A> have same left acting domain?
+##       (Is this function useful at all?) -->
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareGlobalFunction( "IsSubspace" );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#A  OrthogonalSpaceInFullRowSpace( <U> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Attr Name="OrthogonalSpaceInFullRowSpace" Arg='U'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  For a Gaussian row space <A>U</A> over <M>F</M>,
+##  <Ref Attr="OrthogonalSpaceInFullRowSpace"/>
+##  returns a complement of <A>U</A> in the full row space of same vector
+##  dimension as <A>U</A> over <M>F</M>.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareAttribute( "OrthogonalSpaceInFullRowSpace", IsGaussianSpace );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#P  IsVectorSpaceHomomorphism( <map> )
+##
+##  <ManSection>
+##  <Prop Name="IsVectorSpaceHomomorphism" Arg='map'/>
+##
+##  <Description>
+##  A mapping <M>f</M> is a vector space homomorphism (or linear mapping)
+##  if the source and range are vector spaces
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsVectorSpace"/>)
+##  over the same division ring <M>D</M>
+##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="LeftActingDomain"/>),
+##  and if <M>f( a + b ) = f(a) + f(b)</M> and <M>f( s * a ) = s * f(a)</M>
+##  hold for all elements <M>a</M>, <M>b</M> in the source of <M>f</M> and
+##  <M>s \in D</M>.
+##  </Description>
+##  </ManSection>
+##
+DeclareProperty( "IsVectorSpaceHomomorphism", IsGeneralMapping );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#E
+

samples/GAP/vspc.gi

@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+#############################################################################
+##
+#W  vspc.gi                     GAP library                     Thomas Breuer
+##
+##
+#Y  Copyright (C)  1997,  Lehrstuhl D für Mathematik,  RWTH Aachen,  Germany
+#Y  (C) 1998 School Math and Comp. Sci., University of St Andrews, Scotland
+#Y  Copyright (C) 2002 The GAP Group
+##
+##  This file contains generic methods for vector spaces.
+##
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  SetLeftActingDomain( <extL>, <D> )
+##
+##  check whether the left acting domain <D> of the external left set <extL>
+##  knows that it is a division ring.
+##  This is used, e.g.,  to tell a free module over a division ring
+##  that it is a vector space.
+##
+InstallOtherMethod( SetLeftActingDomain,
+    "method to set also 'IsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing'",
+    [ IsAttributeStoringRep and IsLeftActedOnByRing, IsObject ],0,
+    function( extL, D )
+    if HasIsDivisionRing( D ) and IsDivisionRing( D ) then
+      SetIsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing( extL, true );
+    fi;
+    TryNextMethod();
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  IsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing( <M> )
+##
+InstallMethod( IsLeftActedOnByDivisionRing,
+    "method for external left set that is left acted on by a ring",
+    [ IsExtLSet and IsLeftActedOnByRing ],
+    function( M )
+    if IsIdenticalObj( M, LeftActingDomain( M ) ) then
+      TryNextMethod();
+    else
+      return IsDivisionRing( LeftActingDomain( M ) );
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  VectorSpace( <F>, <gens>[, <zero>][, "basis"] )
+##
+##  The only difference between `VectorSpace' and `FreeLeftModule' shall be
+##  that the left acting domain of a vector space must be a division ring.
+##
+InstallGlobalFunction( VectorSpace, function( arg )
+    if Length( arg ) = 0 or not IsDivisionRing( arg[1] ) then
+      Error( "usage: VectorSpace( <F>, <gens>[, <zero>][, \"basis\"] )" );
+    fi;
+    return CallFuncList( FreeLeftModule, arg );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  AsSubspace( <V>, <C> )  . . . . . . . for a vector space and a collection
+##
+InstallMethod( AsSubspace,
+    "for a vector space and a collection",
+    [ IsVectorSpace, IsCollection ],
+    function( V, C )
+    local newC;
+
+    if not IsSubset( V, C ) then
+      return fail;
+    fi;
+    newC:= AsVectorSpace( LeftActingDomain( V ), C );
+    if newC = fail then
+      return fail;
+    fi;
+    SetParent( newC, V );
+    UseIsomorphismRelation( C, newC );
+    UseSubsetRelation( C, newC );
+
+    return newC;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  AsLeftModule( <F>, <V> )  . . . . . .  for division ring and vector space
+##
+##  View the vector space <V> as a vector space over the division ring <F>.
+##
+InstallMethod( AsLeftModule,
+    "method for a division ring and a vector space",
+    [ IsDivisionRing, IsVectorSpace ],
+    function( F, V )
+
+    local W,        # the space, result
+          base,     # basis vectors of field extension
+          gen,      # loop over generators of 'V'
+          b,        # loop over 'base'
+          gens,     # generators of 'V'
+          newgens;  # extended list of generators
+
+    if Characteristic( F ) <> Characteristic( LeftActingDomain( V ) ) then
+
+      # This is impossible.
+      return fail;
+
+    elif F = LeftActingDomain( V ) then
+
+      # No change of the left acting domain is necessary.
+      return V;
+
+    elif IsSubset( F, LeftActingDomain( V ) ) then
+
+      # Check whether 'V' is really a space over the bigger field,
+      # that is, whether the set of elements does not change.
+      base:= BasisVectors( Basis( AsField( LeftActingDomain( V ), F ) ) );
+      for gen in GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V ) do
+        for b in base do
+          if not b * gen in V then
+
+            # The field extension would change the set of elements.
+            return fail;
+
+          fi;
+        od;
+      od;
+
+      # Construct the space.
+      W:= LeftModuleByGenerators( F, GeneratorsOfLeftModule(V), Zero(V) );
+
+    elif IsSubset( LeftActingDomain( V ), F ) then
+
+      # View 'V' as a space over a smaller field.
+      # For that, the list of generators must be extended.
+      gens:= GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V );
+      if IsEmpty( gens ) then
+        W:= LeftModuleByGenerators( F, [], Zero( V ) );
+      else
+
+        base:= BasisVectors( Basis( AsField( F, LeftActingDomain( V ) ) ) );
+        newgens:= [];
+        for b in base do
+          for gen in gens do
+            Add( newgens, b * gen );
+          od;
+        od;
+        W:= LeftModuleByGenerators( F, newgens );
+
+      fi;
+
+    else
+
+      # View 'V' first as space over the intersection of fields,
+      # and then over the desired field.
+      return AsLeftModule( F,
+                 AsLeftModule( Intersection( F,
+                     LeftActingDomain( V ) ), V ) );
+
+    fi;
+
+    UseIsomorphismRelation( V, W );
+    UseSubsetRelation( V, W );
+    return W;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  ViewObj( <V> )  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . view a vector space
+##
+##  print left acting domain, if known also dimension or no. of generators
+##
+InstallMethod( ViewObj,
+    "for vector space with known generators",
+    [ IsVectorSpace and HasGeneratorsOfLeftModule ],
+    function( V )
+    Print( "<vector space over ", LeftActingDomain( V ), ", with ",
+           Length( GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V ) ), " generators>" );
+    end );
+
+InstallMethod( ViewObj,
+    "for vector space with known dimension",
+    [ IsVectorSpace and HasDimension ],
+    1, # override method for known generators
+    function( V )
+    Print( "<vector space of dimension ", Dimension( V ),
+           " over ", LeftActingDomain( V ), ">" );
+    end );
+
+InstallMethod( ViewObj,
+    "for vector space",
+    [ IsVectorSpace ],
+    function( V )
+    Print( "<vector space over ", LeftActingDomain( V ), ">" );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  PrintObj( <V> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  for a vector space
+##
+InstallMethod( PrintObj,
+    "method for vector space with left module generators",
+    [ IsVectorSpace and HasGeneratorsOfLeftModule ],
+    function( V )
+    Print( "VectorSpace( ", LeftActingDomain( V ), ", ",
+           GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V ) );
+    if IsEmpty( GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V ) ) and HasZero( V ) then
+      Print( ", ", Zero( V ), " )" );
+    else
+      Print( " )" );
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+InstallMethod( PrintObj,
+    "method for vector space",
+    [ IsVectorSpace ],
+    function( V )
+    Print( "VectorSpace( ", LeftActingDomain( V ), ", ... )" );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  \/( <V>, <W> )  . . . . . . . . .  factor of a vector space by a subspace
+#M  \/( <V>, <vectors> )  . . . . . .  factor of a vector space by a subspace
+##
+InstallOtherMethod( \/,
+    "method for vector space and collection",
+    IsIdenticalObj,
+    [ IsVectorSpace, IsCollection ],
+    function( V, vectors )
+    if IsVectorSpace( vectors ) then
+      TryNextMethod();
+    else
+      return V / Subspace( V, vectors );
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+InstallOtherMethod( \/,
+    "generic method for two vector spaces",
+    IsIdenticalObj,
+    [ IsVectorSpace, IsVectorSpace ],
+    function( V, W )
+    return ImagesSource( NaturalHomomorphismBySubspace( V, W ) );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Intersection2Spaces( <AsStruct>, <Substruct>, <Struct> )
+##
+InstallGlobalFunction( Intersection2Spaces,
+    function( AsStructure, Substructure, Structure )
+    return function( V, W )
+    local inters,  # intersection, result
+          F,       # coefficients field
+          gensV,   # list of generators of 'V'
+          gensW,   # list of generators of 'W'
+          VW,      # sum of 'V' and 'W'
+          B;       # basis of 'VW'
+
+    if LeftActingDomain( V ) <> LeftActingDomain( W ) then
+
+      # Compute the intersection as vector space over the intersection
+      # of the coefficients fields.
+      # (Note that the characteristic is the same.)
+      F:= Intersection2( LeftActingDomain( V ), LeftActingDomain( W ) );
+      return Intersection2( AsStructure( F, V ), AsStructure( F, W ) );
+
+    elif IsFiniteDimensional( V ) and IsFiniteDimensional( W ) then
+
+      # Compute the intersection of two spaces over the same field.
+      gensV:= GeneratorsOfLeftModule( V );
+      gensW:= GeneratorsOfLeftModule( W );
+      if   IsEmpty( gensV ) then
+        if Zero( V ) in W then
+          inters:= V;
+        else
+          inters:= [];
+        fi;
+      elif IsEmpty( gensW ) then
+        if Zero( V ) in W then
+          inters:= W;
+        else
+          inters:= [];
+        fi;
+      else
+        # Compute a common coefficient space.
+        VW:= LeftModuleByGenerators( LeftActingDomain( V ),
+                                     Concatenation( gensV, gensW ) );
+        B:= Basis( VW );
+
+        # Construct the coefficient subspaces corresponding to 'V' and 'W'.
+        gensV:= List( gensV, x -> Coefficients( B, x ) );
+        gensW:= List( gensW, x -> Coefficients( B, x ) );
+
+        # Construct the intersection of row spaces, and carry back to VW.
+        inters:= List( SumIntersectionMat( gensV, gensW )[2],
+                       x -> LinearCombination( B, x ) );
+
+        # Construct the intersection space, if possible with a parent.
+        if     HasParent( V ) and HasParent( W )
+           and IsIdenticalObj( Parent( V ), Parent( W ) ) then
+          inters:= Substructure( Parent( V ), inters, "basis" );
+        elif IsEmpty( inters ) then
+          inters:= Substructure( V, inters, "basis" );
+          SetIsTrivial( inters, true );
+        else
+          inters:= Structure( LeftActingDomain( V ), inters, "basis" );
+        fi;
+
+        # Run implications by the subset relation.
+        UseSubsetRelation( V, inters );
+        UseSubsetRelation( W, inters );
+      fi;
+
+      # Return the result.
+      return inters;
+
+    else
+      TryNextMethod();
+    fi;
+    end;
+end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Intersection2( <V>, <W> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . for two vector spaces
+##
+InstallMethod( Intersection2,
+    "method for two vector spaces",
+    IsIdenticalObj,
+    [ IsVectorSpace, IsVectorSpace ],
+    Intersection2Spaces( AsLeftModule, SubspaceNC, VectorSpace ) );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  ClosureLeftModule( <V>, <a> ) . . . . . . . . . closure of a vector space
+##
+InstallMethod( ClosureLeftModule,
+    "method for a vector space with basis, and a vector",
+    IsCollsElms,
+    [ IsVectorSpace and HasBasis, IsVector ],
+    function( V, w )
+    local   B; # basis of 'V'
+
+    # We can test membership easily.
+    B:= Basis( V );
+#T why easily?
+    if Coefficients( B, w ) = fail then
+
+      # In the case of a vector space, we know a basis of the closure.
+      B:= Concatenation( BasisVectors( B ), [ w ] );
+      V:= LeftModuleByGenerators( LeftActingDomain( V ), B );
+      UseBasis( V, B );
+
+    fi;
+    return V;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+##  Methods for collections of subspaces of a vector space
+##
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#R  IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep( <D> )
+##
+##  is the representation of domains of subspaces of a vector space <V>,
+##  with the components 'structure' (with value <V>) and 'dimension'
+##  (with value either the dimension of the subspaces in the domain
+##  or the string '\"all\"', which means that the domain contains all
+##  subspaces of <V>).
+##
+DeclareRepresentation(
+    "IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep",
+    IsComponentObjectRep,
+    [ "dimension", "structure" ] );
+#T not IsAttributeStoringRep?
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  PrintObj( <D> )  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for a subspaces domain
+##
+InstallMethod( PrintObj,
+    "method for a subspaces domain",
+    [ IsSubspacesVectorSpace and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ],
+    function( D )
+    if IsInt( D!.dimension ) then
+      Print( "Subspaces( ", D!.structure, ", ", D!.dimension, " )" );
+    else
+      Print( "Subspaces( ", D!.structure, " )" );
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Size( <D> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  for a subspaces domain
+##
+##  The number of $k$-dimensional subspaces in a $n$-dimensional space over
+##  the field with $q$ elements is
+##  $$
+##  a(n,k) = \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} \frac{q^n-q^i}{q^k-q^i} =
+##           \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} \frac{q^{n-i}-1}{q^{k-i}-1}.
+##  $$
+##  We have the recursion
+##  $$
+##  a(n,k+1) = a(n,k) \frac{q^{n-i}-1}{q^{i+1}-1}.
+##  $$
+##
+##  (The number of all subspaces is $\sum_{k=0}^n a(n,k)$.)
+##
+InstallMethod( Size,
+    "method for a subspaces domain",
+    [ IsSubspacesVectorSpace and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ],
+    function( D )
+
+    local k,
+          n,
+          q,
+          size,
+          qn,
+          qd,
+          ank,
+          i;
+
+    if D!.dimension = "all" then
+
+      # all subspaces of the space
+      n:= Dimension( D!.structure );
+
+      q:= Size( LeftActingDomain( D!.structure ) );
+      size:= 1;
+      qn:= q^n;
+      qd:= q;
+
+      # $a(n,0)$
+      ank:= 1;
+
+      for k in [ 1 .. Int( (n-1)/2 ) ] do
+
+        # Compute $a(n,k)$.
+        ank:= ank * ( qn - 1 ) / ( qd - 1 );
+        qn:= qn / q;
+        qd:= qd * q;
+
+        size:= size + ank;
+
+      od;
+
+      size:= 2 * size;
+
+      if n mod 2 = 0 then
+
+        # Add the number of spaces of dimension $n/2$.
+        size:= size + ank * ( qn - 1 ) / ( qd - 1 );
+      fi;
+
+    else
+
+      # number of spaces of dimension 'k' only
+      n:= Dimension( D!.structure );
+      if   D!.dimension < 0 or
+           n < D!.dimension then
+        return 0;
+      elif n / 2 < D!.dimension then
+        k:= n - D!.dimension;
+      else
+        k:= D!.dimension;
+      fi;
+
+      q:= Size( LeftActingDomain( D!.structure ) );
+      size:= 1;
+
+      qn:= q^n;
+      qd:= q;
+      for i in [ 1 .. k ] do
+        size:= size * ( qn - 1 ) / ( qd - 1 );
+        qn:= qn / q;
+        qd:= qd * q;
+      od;
+
+    fi;
+
+    # Return the result.
+    return size;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Enumerator( <D> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  for a subspaces domain
+##
+##  Use the iterator to compute the elements list.
+#T This is not allowed!
+##
+InstallMethod( Enumerator,
+    "method for a subspaces domain",
+    [ IsSubspacesVectorSpace and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ],
+    function( D )
+    local iter,    # iterator for 'D'
+          elms;    # elements list, result
+
+    iter:= Iterator( D );
+    elms:= [];
+    while not IsDoneIterator( iter ) do
+      Add( elms, NextIterator( iter ) );
+    od;
+    return elms;
+    end );
+#T necessary?
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Iterator( <D> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  for a subspaces domain
+##
+##  uses the subspaces iterator for full row spaces and the mechanism of
+##  associated row spaces.
+##
+BindGlobal( "IsDoneIterator_Subspaces",
+    iter -> IsDoneIterator( iter!.associatedIterator ) );
+
+BindGlobal( "NextIterator_Subspaces", function( iter )
+    local next;
+    next:= NextIterator( iter!.associatedIterator );
+    next:= List( GeneratorsOfLeftModule( next ),
+                 x -> LinearCombination( iter!.basis, x ) );
+    return Subspace( iter!.structure, next, "basis" );
+    end );
+
+BindGlobal( "ShallowCopy_Subspaces",
+    iter -> rec( structure          := iter!.structure,
+                 basis              := iter!.basis,
+                 associatedIterator := ShallowCopy(
+                                           iter!.associatedIterator ) ) );
+
+InstallMethod( Iterator,
+    "for a subspaces domain",
+    [ IsSubspacesVectorSpace and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ],
+    function( D )
+    local V;      # the vector space
+
+    V:= D!.structure;
+    return IteratorByFunctions( rec(
+               IsDoneIterator     := IsDoneIterator_Subspaces,
+               NextIterator       := NextIterator_Subspaces,
+               ShallowCopy        := ShallowCopy_Subspaces,
+               structure          := V,
+               basis              := Basis( V ),
+               associatedIterator := Iterator(
+                      Subspaces( FullRowSpace( LeftActingDomain( V ),
+                                               Dimension( V ) ),
+                                 D!.dimension ) ) ) );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Subspaces( <V>, <dim> )
+##
+InstallMethod( Subspaces,
+    "for a vector space, and an integer",
+    [ IsVectorSpace, IsInt ],
+    function( V, dim )
+    if IsFinite( V ) then
+      return Objectify( NewType( CollectionsFamily( FamilyObj( V ) ),
+                                     IsSubspacesVectorSpace
+                                 and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ),
+                        rec(
+                             structure  := V,
+                             dimension  := dim
+                           )
+                      );
+    else
+      TryNextMethod();
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  Subspaces( <V> )
+##
+InstallMethod( Subspaces,
+    "for a vector space",
+    [ IsVectorSpace ],
+    function( V )
+    if IsFinite( V ) then
+      return Objectify( NewType( CollectionsFamily( FamilyObj( V ) ),
+                                     IsSubspacesVectorSpace
+                                 and IsSubspacesVectorSpaceDefaultRep ),
+                        rec(
+                             structure  := V,
+                             dimension  := "all"
+                           )
+                      );
+    else
+      TryNextMethod();
+    fi;
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#F  IsSubspace( <V>, <U> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . check <U> <= <V>
+##
+InstallGlobalFunction( IsSubspace, function( V, U )
+    return IsVectorSpace( U ) and IsSubset( V, U );
+end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#M  IsVectorSpaceHomomorphism( <map> )
+##
+InstallMethod( IsVectorSpaceHomomorphism,
+    [ IsGeneralMapping ],
+    function( map )
+    local S, R, F;
+    S:= Source( map );
+    if not IsVectorSpace( S ) then
+      return false;
+    fi;
+    R:= Range( map );
+    if not IsVectorSpace( R ) then
+      return false;
+    fi;
+    F:= LeftActingDomain( S );
+    return ( F = LeftActingDomain( R ) ) and IsLinearMapping( F, map );
+    end );
+
+
+#############################################################################
+##
+#E
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/Foods.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+abstract Foods = {
+  flags startcat = Comment ;
+  cat
+    Comment ; Item ; Kind ; Quality ;
+  fun
+    Pred : Item -> Quality -> Comment ;
+    This, That, These, Those : Kind -> Item ;
+    Mod : Quality -> Kind -> Kind ;
+    Wine, Cheese, Fish, Pizza : Kind ;
+    Very : Quality -> Quality ;
+    Fresh, Warm, Italian, 
+      Expensive, Delicious, Boring : Quality ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsAfr.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Laurette Pretorius Sr & Jr and Ansu Berg under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsAfr of Foods = open Prelude, Predef in{
+
+	flags coding=utf8;
+
+	lincat
+		Comment = {s: Str} ;
+		Kind = {s: Number => Str} ;
+		Item = {s: Str ; n: Number} ;
+		Quality = {s: AdjAP => Str} ;
+
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ "is" ++ (quality.s ! Predic)};
+		This kind = {s = "hierdie" ++ (kind.s ! Sg); n = Sg};
+		That kind = {s = "daardie" ++ (kind.s ! Sg); n = Sg};
+		These kind = {s = "hierdie" ++ (kind.s ! Pl); n = Pl};
+		Those kind = {s = "daardie" ++ (kind.s ! Pl); n = Pl};
+		Mod quality kind = {s = table{n => (quality.s ! Attr) ++ (kind.s!n)}};
+
+		Wine = declNoun_e "wyn";
+		Cheese = declNoun_aa "kaas";
+		Fish = declNoun_ss "vis";
+		Pizza = declNoun_s "pizza";
+
+		Very quality = veryAdj quality;
+
+		Fresh = regAdj "vars";
+		Warm = regAdj "warm";
+		Italian = smartAdj_e "Italiaans";
+		Expensive = regAdj "duur";
+		Delicious = smartAdj_e "heerlik";
+		Boring = smartAdj_e "vervelig";
+
+	param
+		AdjAP = Attr | Predic ;
+		Number = Sg | Pl ;
+
+	oper
+		--Noun operations (wyn, kaas, vis, pizza)
+
+		declNoun_aa: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x ->
+		let v = tk 2 x
+		in
+		{s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => v + (last x) +"e"}};
+
+		declNoun_e: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + "e"}} ;
+		declNoun_s: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + "s"}} ;
+
+		declNoun_ss: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + (last x) + "e"}} ;
+
+
+		--Adjective operations
+
+		mkAdj : Str -> Str -> {s: AdjAP => Str} = \x,y -> {s = table{Attr => x; Predic => y}};
+
+		declAdj_e : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \x -> mkAdj (x + "e") x;
+		declAdj_g : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \w ->
+			let v = init w
+			in mkAdj (v + "ë") w ;
+
+		declAdj_oog : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \w ->
+			let v = init w
+			in
+				let i = init v
+				in mkAdj (i + "ë") w ;
+
+		regAdj : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \x -> mkAdj x x;
+
+		veryAdj : {s: AdjAP => Str} -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} =  \x -> {s = table{a => "baie" ++ (x.s!a)}};
+
+
+		smartAdj_e : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \a -> case a of
+		{
+			_ + "oog" 			   		=> declAdj_oog a ;
+			_ + ("e" | "ie" | "o" | "oe") + "g" 	=> declAdj_g a ;
+			_					   	=> declAdj_e a
+		};
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsAmh.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+concrete FoodsAmh of Foods ={
+ flags coding = utf8;
+ lincat
+  Comment,Item,Kind,Quality = Str;
+ lin
+  Pred item quality = item ++ quality++ "ነው::" ;
+  This kind = "ይህ" ++ kind;
+  That kind = "ያ" ++ kind;
+  Mod quality kind = quality ++ kind;
+  Wine = "ወይን";
+  Cheese = "አይብ";
+  Fish = "ዓሳ";
+  Very quality = "በጣም" ++ quality;
+  Fresh = "አዲስ";
+  Warm = "ትኩስ";
+  Italian = "የጥልያን";
+  Expensive = "ውድ";
+  Delicious = "ጣፋጭ";
+  Boring = "አስቀያሚ";
+  
+}   

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsBul.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Krasimir Angelov under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsBul of Foods = {
+  
+  flags
+    coding = utf8;
+
+  param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr;
+    Number = Sg | Pl;
+    Agr    = ASg Gender | APl ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = Str ;
+    Quality = {s : Agr => Str} ;
+    Item = {s : Str; a : Agr} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str; g : Gender} ;
+
+  lin
+    Pred item qual = item.s ++ case item.a of {ASg _ => "е"; APl => "са"} ++ qual.s ! item.a ;
+    
+    This  kind = {s=case kind.g of {Masc=>"този"; Fem=>"тази";  Neutr=>"това" } ++ kind.s ! Sg; a=ASg kind.g} ;
+    That  kind = {s=case kind.g of {Masc=>"онзи"; Fem=>"онази"; Neutr=>"онова"} ++ kind.s ! Sg; a=ASg kind.g} ;
+    These kind = {s="тези"  ++ kind.s ! Pl; a=APl} ;
+    Those kind = {s="онези" ++ kind.s ! Pl; a=APl} ;
+    
+    Mod qual kind = {s=\\n => qual.s ! (case n of {Sg => ASg kind.g; Pl => APl}) ++ kind.s ! n; g=kind.g} ;
+
+    Wine   = {s = table {Sg => "вино";   Pl => "вина"};   g = Neutr};
+    Cheese = {s = table {Sg => "сирене"; Pl => "сирена"}; g = Neutr};
+    Fish   = {s = table {Sg => "риба";   Pl => "риби"};   g = Fem};
+    Pizza  = {s = table {Sg => "пица";   Pl => "пици"};   g = Fem};
+
+    Very qual = {s = \\g => "много" ++ qual.s ! g};
+
+    Fresh     = {s = table {ASg Masc => "свеж";        ASg Fem => "свежа";       ASg Neutr => "свежо";       APl => "свежи"}};
+    Warm      = {s = table {ASg Masc => "горещ";       ASg Fem => "гореща";      ASg Neutr => "горещо";      APl => "горещи"}};
+    Italian   = {s = table {ASg Masc => "италиански";  ASg Fem => "италианска";  ASg Neutr => "италианско";  APl => "италиански"}}; 
+    Expensive = {s = table {ASg Masc => "скъп";        ASg Fem => "скъпа";       ASg Neutr => "скъпо";       APl => "скъпи"}};
+    Delicious = {s = table {ASg Masc => "превъзходен"; ASg Fem => "превъзходна"; ASg Neutr => "превъзходно"; APl => "превъзходни"}};
+    Boring    = {s = table {ASg Masc => "еднообразен"; ASg Fem => "еднообразна"; ASg Neutr => "еднообразно"; APl => "еднообразни"}};
+    
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsCat.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Jordi Saludes under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsCat of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxCat),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsCat) ;

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsChi.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+concrete FoodsChi of Foods = {
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+lincat
+    Comment, Item = Str ;
+    Kind = {s,c : Str} ; 
+    Quality = {s,p : Str} ;
+lin
+    Pred item quality = item ++ "是" ++ quality.s ++ quality.p ;
+    This kind = "这" ++ kind.c ++ kind.s ;
+    That kind = "那" ++ kind.c ++ kind.s ;
+    These kind = "这" ++ "些" ++ kind.s ;
+    Those kind = "那" ++ "些" ++ kind.s ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = quality.s ++ quality.p ++ kind.s ;
+      c = kind.c
+      } ;
+    Wine  = geKind "酒" ;
+    Pizza = geKind "比 萨 饼" ;
+    Cheese  = geKind "奶 酪" ;
+    Fish  = geKind "鱼" ;
+    Very quality = longQuality ("非 常" ++ quality.s) ;
+    Fresh  = longQuality "新 鲜" ;
+    Warm  = longQuality "温 热" ;
+    Italian  = longQuality "意 大 利 式" ;
+    Expensive  = longQuality "昂 贵" ;
+    Delicious  = longQuality "美 味" ;
+    Boring  = longQuality "难 吃" ;
+oper
+    mkKind : Str -> Str -> {s,c : Str} = \s,c ->
+      {s = s ; c = c} ;
+    geKind : Str -> {s,c : Str} = \s ->
+      mkKind s "个" ;
+    longQuality : Str -> {s,p : Str} = \s ->
+      {s = s ; p = "的"} ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsCze.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+-- (c) 2011 Katerina Bohmova under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsCze of Foods = open ResCze in {
+  flags 
+    coding = utf8 ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ; 
+    Quality = Adjective ; 
+    Kind = Noun ; 
+    Item = NounPhrase ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = 
+      {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ 
+           quality.s ! item.g ! item.n} ;
+    This  = det Sg "tento" "tato" "toto" ;
+    That  = det Sg "tamten" "tamta" "tamto" ;
+    These = det Pl "tyto" "tyto" "tato" ;
+    Those = det Pl "tamty" "tamty" "tamta" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ++ kind.s ! n ;
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+    Wine = noun "víno" "vína" Neutr ;
+    Cheese = noun "sýr" "sýry" Masc ;
+    Fish = noun "ryba" "ryby" Fem ;
+    Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizzy" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n => "velmi" ++ qual.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "čerstv" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "tepl" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "italsk" ;
+    Expensive = regAdj "drah" ;
+    Delicious = regnfAdj "vynikající" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "nudn" ;
+}
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsDut.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Femke Johansson under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsDut of Foods = {
+
+	lincat
+		Comment = {s : Str};
+		Quality = {s : AForm => Str};
+		Kind = { s : Number => Str};
+		Item = {s : Str ; n : Number};
+	
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = 
+			{s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! APred};
+		This = det Sg "deze";
+		These = det Pl "deze";
+		That = det Sg "die";
+		Those = det Pl "die";
+		
+		Mod quality kind =
+			{s = \\n => quality.s ! AAttr ++ kind.s ! n};
+			Wine = regNoun "wijn";
+			Cheese = noun "kaas" "kazen";
+			Fish = noun "vis" "vissen";
+			Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizza's";
+			
+			Very a = {s = \\f => "erg" ++ a.s ! f};
+			
+			Fresh = regadj "vers";
+			Warm = regadj "warm";
+			Italian = regadj "Italiaans";
+			Expensive = adj "duur" "dure";
+			Delicious = regadj "lekker";
+			Boring = regadj "saai";
+		
+		param
+			Number = Sg | Pl;
+			AForm = APred | AAttr;
+		
+		oper
+			det : Number -> Str ->
+				{s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n: Number} =
+				\n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! n ; n=n};
+				
+			noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+				\man,men -> {s = table {Sg => man; Pl => men}};
+				
+			regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} =
+				\wijn -> noun wijn (wijn + "en");
+				
+			regadj : Str -> {s : AForm => Str} =
+				\koud -> adj koud (koud+"e");
+			
+			adj : Str -> Str -> {s : AForm => Str} =
+				\duur, dure -> {s = table {APred => duur; AAttr => dure}};
+				
+			copula : Number => Str =
+				table {Sg => "is" ; Pl => "zijn"};
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsEng of Foods = {
+  flags language = en_US;
+  lincat
+    Comment, Quality = {s : Str} ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = 
+      {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s} ;
+    This  = det Sg "this" ;
+    That  = det Sg "that" ;
+    These = det Pl "these" ;
+    Those = det Pl "those" ;
+    Mod quality kind = 
+      {s = \\n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "wine" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "cheese" ;
+    Fish = noun "fish" "fish" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "pizza" ;
+    Very a = {s = "very" ++ a.s} ;
+    Fresh = adj "fresh" ;
+    Warm = adj "warm" ;
+    Italian = adj "Italian" ;
+    Expensive = adj "expensive" ;
+    Delicious = adj "delicious" ;
+    Boring = adj "boring" ;
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> 
+      {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+        \n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! n ; n = n} ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \man,men -> {s = table {Sg => man ; Pl => men}} ;
+    regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \car -> noun car (car + "s") ;
+    adj : Str -> {s : Str} = 
+      \cold -> {s = cold} ;
+    copula : Number => Str = 
+      table {Sg => "is" ; Pl => "are"} ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsEpo.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Julia Hammar under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsEpo of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags coding =utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ; 
+    Kind, Quality = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! item.n) ;
+    This = det Sg "ĉi tiu" ;
+    That  = det Sg "tiu" ;
+    These = det Pl "ĉi tiuj" ;
+    Those = det Pl "tiuj" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! n ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "vino" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "fromaĝo" ;
+    Fish = regNoun "fiŝo" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "pico" ;
+    Very quality = {s = \\n => "tre" ++ quality.s ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "freŝa" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "varma" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "itala" ;
+    Expensive = regAdj "altekosta" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "bongusta" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "enuiga" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,d,cn -> {
+        s = d ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+    regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \vino -> {s = table {Sg => vino ; Pl => vino + "j"}
+	} ;
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Number => Str} =
+      \nova -> {s = table {Sg => nova ; Pl => nova + "j"}
+      } ;
+    copula : Number => Str = \\_ => "estas" ;
+}
+    

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsFin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsFin of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxFin),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsFin) ;

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsFre.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+--# -path=.:../foods:present
+
+concrete FoodsFre of Foods = open SyntaxFre, ParadigmsFre in {
+
+	flags coding = utf8 ;
+	
+	lincat
+		Comment = Utt ;
+		Item = NP ;
+		Kind = CN ;
+		Quality = AP ;
+	
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+		This kind = mkNP this_QuantSg kind ;
+		That kind = mkNP that_QuantSg kind ;
+		These kind = mkNP these_QuantPl kind ;
+		Those kind = mkNP those_QuantPl kind ;
+		Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+		Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+		
+		Wine = mkCN (mkN "vin" masculine) ;
+		Pizza = mkCN (mkN "pizza" feminine) ;
+		Cheese = mkCN (mkN "fromage" masculine) ;
+		Fish = mkCN (mkN "poisson" masculine) ;
+		Fresh = mkAP (mkA "frais" "fraîche" "frais" "fraîchement") ;
+		Warm = mkAP (mkA "chaud") ;
+		Italian = mkAP (mkA "italien") ;
+		Expensive = mkAP (mkA "cher") ;
+		Delicious = mkAP (mkA "délicieux") ;
+		Boring = mkAP (mkA "ennuyeux") ;
+	}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsGer.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsGer of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxGer),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsGer) ;

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsHeb.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+--# -path=alltenses
+
+--(c) 2009 Dana Dannells
+-- Licensed under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsHeb of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+    lincat
+      Comment = SS ;
+      Quality = {s: Number => Species => Gender =>  Str} ;  
+      Kind = {s : Number => Species => Str ; g : Gender ; mod : Modified} ; 
+      Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number ; sp : Species ; mod : Modified} ; 
+  
+ 
+    lin
+      Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ quality.s ! item.n ! Indef ! item.g ) ; 
+      This  = det Sg Def "הזה" "הזאת"; 
+      That  = det Sg Def "ההוא" "ההיא" ; 
+      These = det Pl Def "האלה" "האלה" ; 
+      Those = det Pl Def "ההם" "ההן" ; 
+      Mod quality kind = {
+	s = \\n,sp => kind.s ! n ! sp ++ quality.s ! n ! sp ! kind.g;
+	g = kind.g ;
+	mod = T
+	} ;     
+      Wine = regNoun "יין" "יינות" Masc ; 
+      Cheese = regNoun "גבינה" "גבינות" Fem ;  
+      Fish = regNoun "דג" "דגים" Masc ; 
+      Pizza = regNoun "פיצה" "פיצות" Fem ; 
+      Very qual = {s = \\g,n,sp => "מאוד" ++  qual.s ! g ! n ! sp} ;
+      Fresh = regAdj "טרי" ; 
+      Warm = regAdj "חם" ;
+      Italian = regAdj2 "איטלקי" ;
+      Expensive = regAdj "יקר" ; 
+      Delicious = regAdj "טעים" ; 
+      Boring = regAdj2 "משעמם"; 
+
+    param 
+      Number = Sg | Pl ;
+      Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+      Species = Def | Indef ;  
+      Modified = T | F ;
+
+    oper
+	Noun : Type = {s : Number => Species => Str ; g : Gender ; mod : Modified } ;
+  	Adj : Type = {s : Number => Species => Gender => Str} ;
+
+      det : Number -> Species -> Str -> Str -> Noun -> 
+	{s : Str ; g :Gender ; n : Number ; sp : Species ; mod : Modified} = 
+        \n,sp,m,f,cn -> {
+	  s = case cn.mod of { _ => cn.s ! n ! sp ++ case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem  => f} };
+	  g = cn.g ; 
+          n = n ;
+	  sp = sp ;
+	  mod = cn.mod
+        } ;
+      
+	noun : (gvina,hagvina,gvinot,hagvinot : Str) ->  Gender -> Noun =  
+      		\gvina,hagvina,gvinot,hagvinot,g -> {
+        	s = table {
+          		Sg  => table {
+             			Indef => gvina ;
+             			Def =>  hagvina 
+            		} ;
+          		Pl => table {
+             			Indef => gvinot ;
+             			Def => hagvinot  
+            		} 
+       	  	} ;
+        	g = g ;
+		mod = F 
+      } ;
+
+	regNoun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun = 
+	        \gvina,gvinot, g -> 
+		noun gvina (defH gvina) gvinot (defH gvinot) g ; 
+
+      defH : Str -> Str = \cn ->
+	case cn of {_ => "ה" + cn};	
+
+      replaceLastLetter : Str -> Str = \c ->
+	 case c of {"ף" => "פ" ; "ם" => "מ" ; "ן" => "נ" ; "ץ" => "צ" ; "ך" => "כ"; _ => c} ;
+	      
+      adjective : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Adj = 
+       \tov,tova,tovim,tovot -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => table { 
+			Indef => table { Masc => tov ; Fem => tova } ; 
+			Def => table { Masc => defH tov ; Fem => defH tova }  
+            		} ; 
+          Pl => table { 
+			Indef => table {Masc => tovim ; Fem  => tovot } ; 
+			Def => table { Masc => defH tovim ; Fem  => defH tovot }  
+            		}
+	}
+      } ;
+    
+      regAdj : Str -> Adj = \tov ->
+	case tov of { to + c@? =>
+	adjective tov (to + replaceLastLetter (c) + "ה" ) (to + replaceLastLetter (c) +"ים" ) (to + replaceLastLetter (c) + "ות" )};	 
+     
+     regAdj2 : Str -> Adj = \italki ->
+ 	case italki of { italk+ c@? => 
+    adjective italki (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)  +"ת" )  (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)+ "ים" ) (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)  + "ות" )};
+
+}  -- FoodsHeb  

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsHin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+-- (c) 2010 Vikash Rauniyar under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsHin of Foods = {
+
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ;
+    Item    = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+    Kind    = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = {
+      s = item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ++ copula item.n
+      } ;
+    This kind = {s = "यह" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    That kind = {s = "वह" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    These kind = {s = "ये" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Those kind = {s = "वे" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ++ kind.s ! n ; 
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+    Wine = regN "मदिरा" ;
+    Cheese = regN "पनीर" ;
+    Fish = regN "मछली" ;
+    Pizza = regN "पिज़्ज़ा" ;
+    Very quality = {s = \\g,n => "अति" ++ quality.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "ताज़ा" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "गरम" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "इटली" ; 
+    Expensive = regAdj "बहुमूल्य" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "स्वादिष्ट" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "अरुचिकर" ;
+
+  oper
+    mkN : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \s,p,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => s ;
+          Pl => p
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+
+    regN : Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = \s -> case s of {
+      lark + "ा" => mkN s (lark + "े") Masc ;
+      lark + "ी" => mkN s (lark + "ीयँा") Fem ;
+      _           => mkN s s Masc 
+      } ;
+
+    mkAdj : Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \ms,mp,f -> {
+      s = table {
+        Masc => table {
+          Sg => ms ;
+          Pl => mp
+          } ;
+        Fem  => \\_ => f
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \a -> case a of {
+      acch + "ा" => mkAdj a (acch + "े") (acch + "ी") ;
+      _          => mkAdj a a a
+      } ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str = \n -> case n of {
+      Sg => "है" ;
+      Pl => "हैं"
+      } ;
+
+  }

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsI.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+incomplete concrete FoodsI of Foods = 
+    open Syntax, LexFoods in {
+  lincat
+    Comment = Utt ; 
+    Item = NP ;
+    Kind = CN ;
+    Quality = AP ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+    This kind = mkNP this_Det kind ;
+    That kind = mkNP that_Det kind ;
+    These kind = mkNP these_Det kind ;
+    Those kind = mkNP those_Det kind ;
+    Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+    Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+
+    Wine = mkCN wine_N ;
+    Pizza = mkCN pizza_N ;
+    Cheese = mkCN cheese_N ;
+    Fish = mkCN fish_N ;
+    Fresh = mkAP fresh_A ;
+    Warm = mkAP warm_A ;
+    Italian = mkAP italian_A ;
+    Expensive = mkAP expensive_A ;
+    Delicious = mkAP delicious_A ;
+    Boring = mkAP boring_A ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsIce.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+-- (c) 2009 Martha Dis Brandt under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsIce of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags coding=utf8;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality =  ss (item.s ++ copula item.n ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ! Ind) ;
+         This, That  = det Sg "þessi"   "þessi"  "þetta" ;
+         These, Those = det Pl "þessir" "þessar" "þessi" ;
+    Mod quality kind = { s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ! Def ++ kind.s ! n ; g = kind.g } ;
+         Wine = noun "vín" "vín" Neutr ;
+         Cheese = noun "ostur" "ostar" Masc ;
+         Fish = noun "fiskur" "fiskar" Masc ;
+         -- the word "pizza" is more commonly used in Iceland, but "flatbaka" is the Icelandic word for it
+         Pizza = noun "flatbaka" "flatbökur" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n,defOrInd => "mjög" ++ qual.s ! g ! n ! defOrInd } ;
+         Fresh = regAdj "ferskur" ;
+         Warm = regAdj "heitur" ;
+         Boring = regAdj "leiðinlegur" ;
+         -- the order of the given adj forms is: mSg fSg nSg mPl fPl nPl mSgDef f/nSgDef _PlDef
+         Italian = adjective "ítalskur" "ítölsk" "ítalskt" "ítalskir" "ítalskar" "ítölsk" "ítalski" "ítalska" "ítalsku" ;
+         Expensive = adjective "dýr" "dýr" "dýrt" "dýrir" "dýrar" "dýr" "dýri" "dýra" "dýru" ;
+         Delicious = adjective "ljúffengur" "ljúffeng" "ljúffengt" "ljúffengir" "ljúffengar" "ljúffeng" "ljúffengi" "ljúffenga" "ljúffengu" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr ;
+    Defin = Ind | Def ;
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ->
+        {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} =
+      \n,masc,fem,neutr,cn -> {
+        s = case cn.g of {Masc => masc ; Fem => fem; Neutr => neutr } ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        g = cn.g ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} =
+      \man,men,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => man ;
+          Pl => men
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+
+    adjective : (x1,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,x9 : Str) -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} =
+      \ferskur,fersk,ferskt,ferskir,ferskar,fersk_pl,ferski,ferska,fersku -> {
+         s = \\g,n,t => case <g,n,t> of {
+            < Masc, Sg, Ind > => ferskur ;
+            < Masc, Pl, Ind > => ferskir ;
+            < Fem, Sg, Ind > => fersk ;
+            < Fem, Pl, Ind > => ferskar ;
+            < Neutr, Sg, Ind > => ferskt ;
+            < Neutr, Pl, Ind > => fersk_pl;
+            < Masc, Sg, Def > => ferski ;
+            < Fem, Sg, Def > | < Neutr, Sg, Def > => ferska ;
+            < _ , Pl, Def > => fersku
+            }
+          } ;
+
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \ferskur ->
+      let fersk = Predef.tk 2 ferskur
+      in adjective
+        ferskur fersk (fersk + "t")
+        (fersk + "ir") (fersk + "ar") fersk
+        (fersk + "i") (fersk + "a") (fersk + "u") ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str =
+      \n -> case n of {
+        Sg => "er" ;
+        Pl => "eru"
+        } ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsIta of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxIta),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsIta) ;
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsJpn.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+--# -path=.:../lib/src/prelude
+
+-- (c) 2009 Zofia Stankiewicz under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsJpn of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s: Style => Str};
+    Quality = {s: AdjUse => Str ; t: AdjType} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = {s = case quality.t of {
+      IAdj => table {Plain => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ; Polite => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ++ copula ! Polite ! item.n } ;
+      NaAdj => \\p => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ++ copula ! p ! item.n } 
+      } ;
+    This  = det Sg "この" ;
+    That  = det Sg "その" ;
+    These = det Pl "この" ;
+    Those = det Pl "その" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! Attr ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "ワインは" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "チーズは" ;
+    Fish = regNoun "魚は" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "ピザは" ;
+    Very quality =  {s = \\a => "とても" ++ quality.s ! a ; t = quality.t } ;
+    Fresh = adj "新鮮な" "新鮮";
+    Warm = regAdj "あたたかい" ;
+    Italian = adj "イタリアの" "イタリアのもの";
+    Expensive = regAdj "たかい" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "おいしい" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "つまらない" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    AdjUse = Attr | APred ;        -- na-adjectives have different forms as noun attributes and predicates
+    Style = Plain | Polite ;      -- for phrase types
+    AdjType = IAdj | NaAdj ;      -- IAdj can form predicates without the copula, NaAdj cannot
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,d,cn -> {
+        s = d ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+   noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \sakana,sakana -> {s = \\_ => sakana } ;
+
+   regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \sakana -> noun sakana sakana ;
+
+   adj : Str -> Str -> {s : AdjUse => Str ; t : AdjType} =
+      \chosenna, chosen -> {
+       s = table { 
+         Attr => chosenna ;
+         APred => chosen
+       } ;
+       t = NaAdj 
+      } ;
+   
+   regAdj : Str -> {s: AdjUse => Str ; t : AdjType} =\akai -> {
+     s = \\_ => akai ; t = IAdj} ;
+
+    copula : Style => Number => Str = 
+      table { 
+        Plain => \\_ => "だ" ;
+        Polite => \\_ => "です" } ;
+
+}   

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsLav.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+-- (c) 2009 Inese Bernsone under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsLav of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags
+    coding=utf8 ;
+    
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ; 
+    Quality = {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str } ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number } ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ {- copula item.n -} "ir" ++ quality.s ! Q1 ! item.g ! item.n ! Ind ) ;
+      This  = det Sg "šis" "šī" ;
+      That  = det Sg "tas" "tā" ;
+      These = det Pl "šie" "šīs" ;
+      Those = det Pl "tie" "tās" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! Q1 ! kind.g ! n ! Def ++ kind.s ! n ; g = kind.g } ;
+      Wine = noun "vīns" "vīni" Masc ;
+      Cheese = noun "siers" "sieri" Masc ;
+      Fish = noun "zivs" "zivis" Fem ;
+      Pizza = noun "pica" "picas" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\q,g,n,spec => "ļoti" ++ qual.s ! Q2 ! g ! n ! spec }; 
+ 
+      Fresh = adjective "svaigs" "svaiga" "svaigi" "svaigas" "svaigais" "svaigā" "svaigie" "svaigās" ;
+      Warm = regAdj "silts" ;
+      Italian = specAdj "itāļu" (regAdj "itālisks") ;
+      Expensive = regAdj "dārgs" ;
+      Delicious = regAdj "garšīgs" ;
+      Boring = regAdj "garlaicīgs" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+    Defin = Ind | Def ;
+    Q = Q1 | Q2 ;
+
+  oper
+   det : Number -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} -> 
+        {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,m,f,cn -> {
+        s = case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem => f} ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        g = cn.g ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \man,men,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => man ;
+          Pl => men 
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+    adjective : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = 
+      \skaists,skaista,skaisti,skaistas,skaistais,skaistaa,skaistie,skaistaas -> {
+        s = table {
+		  _ => table {
+            Masc => table {
+              Sg => table {Ind => skaists ; Def => skaistais} ;
+              Pl => table {Ind => skaisti ; Def => skaistie}
+              } ; 
+            Fem => table {
+              Sg => table {Ind => skaista ; Def => skaistaa} ;
+              Pl => table {Ind => skaistas ; Def => skaistaas} 
+              }
+            } 
+		  }
+        } ;
+      
+ {-   irregAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \itaalju ->
+     let itaalju = itaalju
+     in adjective itaalju (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) ; -}
+     
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \skaists ->
+      let skaist = init skaists 
+      in adjective skaists (skaist + "a") (skaist + "i") (skaist + "as") (skaist + "ais") (skaist + "ā") (skaist + "ie") (skaist + "ās");
+
+    Adjective : Type = {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} ;
+
+	specAdj : Str -> Adjective -> Adjective = \s,a -> {
+      s = table {
+        Q2 => a.s ! Q1 ;
+        Q1 => \\_,_,_ => s
+        }		
+	  } ;
+	
+	}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsMlt.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+-- (c) 2013 John J. Camilleri under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsMlt of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+
+  lin
+    -- Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ copula item.n item.g ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n) ;
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n) ;
+
+    This kind = det Sg "dan" "din" kind ;
+    That kind = det Sg "dak" "dik" kind ;
+    These kind = det Pl "dawn" "" kind ;
+    Those kind = det Pl "dawk" "" kind ;
+
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => kind.s ! n ++ quality.s ! kind.g ! n ;
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+
+    Wine = noun "inbid" "inbejjed" Masc ;
+    Cheese = noun "ġobon" "ġobniet" Masc ;
+    Fish = noun "ħuta" "ħut" Fem ;
+    Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizzez" Fem ;
+
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n => qual.s ! g ! n ++ "ħafna"} ;
+
+    Warm = adjective "sħun" "sħuna" "sħan" ;
+    Expensive = adjective "għali" "għalja" "għaljin" ;
+    Delicious = adjective "tajjeb" "tajba" "tajbin" ;
+    Boring = uniAdj "tad-dwejjaq" ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "frisk" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "Taljan" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+
+  oper
+    --Create an adjective (full function)
+    --Params: Sing Masc, Sing Fem, Plural
+    adjective : (_,_,_ : Str) -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \iswed,sewda,suwed -> {
+      s = table {
+	Masc => table {
+	  Sg => iswed ;
+	  Pl => suwed
+	  } ;
+	Fem => table {
+	  Sg => sewda ;
+	  Pl => suwed
+	  }
+	}
+      } ;
+
+    --Create a regular adjective
+    --Param: Sing Masc
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \frisk ->
+      adjective frisk (frisk + "a") (frisk + "i") ;
+
+    --Create a "uni-adjective" eg tal-buzz
+    --Param: Sing Masc
+    uniAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \uni ->
+      adjective uni uni uni ;
+
+    --Create a noun
+    --Params: Singular, Plural, Gender (inherent)
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = \ktieb,kotba,g -> {
+      s = table {
+	Sg => ktieb ;
+	Pl => kotba
+	} ;
+      g = g
+      } ;
+
+    --Copula is a linking verb
+    --Params: Number, Gender
+    -- copula : Number -> Gender -> Str = \n,g -> case n of {
+    --   Sg => case g of { Masc => "huwa" ; Fem => "hija" } ;
+    --   Pl => "huma"
+    --   } ;
+
+    --Create an article, taking into account first letter of next word
+    article = pre {
+      "a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u" => "l-" ;
+      --cons@("ċ"|"d"|"n"|"r"|"s"|"t"|"x"|"ż") => "i" + cons + "-" ;
+      _ => "il-"
+      } ;
+
+    --Create a determinant
+    --Params: Sg/Pl, Masc, Fem
+    det : Number -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} -> {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} = \n,m,f,cn -> {
+      s = case n of {
+	Sg => case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem => f}; --string
+	Pl => m --default to masc
+	} ++ article ++ cn.s ! n ;
+      g = cn.g ; --gender
+      n = n --number
+      } ;
+
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsMon.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+--# -path=.:/GF/lib/src/prelude
+
+-- (c) 2009 Nyamsuren Erdenebadrakh under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsMon of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  flags coding=utf8;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment, Quality = SS ; 
+	Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+	Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ "бол" ++ quality.s) ;
+	This  = det Sg "энэ" ;
+	That  = det Sg "тэр" ;
+	These = det Pl "эдгээр" ;
+	Those = det Pl "тэдгээр" ;
+	Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+	Wine = regNoun "дарс" ;
+	Cheese = regNoun "бяслаг" ;
+	Fish = regNoun "загас" ;
+	Pizza = regNoun "пицца" ;
+	Very = prefixSS "маш" ;
+	Fresh = ss "шинэ" ;
+	Warm = ss "халуун" ;
+	Italian = ss "итали" ;
+	Expensive = ss "үнэтэй" ;
+	Delicious = ss "амттай" ;
+	Boring = ss "амтгүй" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+
+  oper
+	det : Number -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+	\n,d,cn -> {
+		s = d ++ cn.s ! n ;
+		n = n
+	} ;
+  	
+	regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+	\x -> {s = table {
+		Sg => x ; 
+		Pl => x + "нууд"}
+		} ;
+	}
+	 
+    

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsNep.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+-- (c) 2011 Dinesh Simkhada under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsNep of Foods = {
+
+  flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment, Quality = {s : Str} ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+    
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = 
+      {s = item.s ++ quality.s ++ copula ! item.n} ;
+      
+    This  = det Sg "यो" ;
+    That  = det Sg "त्यो" ;
+    These = det Pl "यी" ;
+    Those = det Pl "ती" ;
+    Mod quality kind = 
+      {s = \\n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+      
+    Wine = regNoun "रक्सी" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "चिज" ;
+    Fish = regNoun "माछा" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "पिज्जा" ;
+    Very a = {s = "धेरै" ++ a.s} ;
+    Fresh = adj "ताजा" ;
+    Warm = adj "तातो" ;
+    Italian = adj "इटालियन" ;
+    Expensive = adj "महँगो" | adj "बहुमूल्य" ;
+    Delicious = adj "स्वादिष्ट" | adj "मीठो" ;
+    Boring = adjPl "नमिठो" ;
+  
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> 
+      {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+        \n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! n ; n = n} ;
+    
+    noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \man,men -> {s = table {Sg => man ; Pl => men}} ;
+    
+    regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \car -> noun car (car + "हरु") ;
+    
+    adjPl : Str -> {s : Str} = \a -> case a of {
+      bor + "ठो" => adj (bor + "ठा") ;
+      _ => adj a
+      } ;
+      
+    adj : Str -> {s : Str} = 
+      \cold -> {s = cold} ;
+    
+    copula : Number => Str = 
+      table {Sg => "छ" ; Pl => "छन्"} ;
+}
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsOri.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+concrete FoodsOri of Foods = {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+lincat
+    Comment = Str;
+    Item = Str;
+    Kind = Str;
+    Quality = Str;
+
+lin
+    Pred item quality = item ++ quality ++ "ଅଟେ";
+    This kind = "ଏଇ" ++ kind;
+    That kind = "ସେଇ" ++ kind;
+    These kind = "ଏଇ" ++ kind ++ "ଗୁଡିକ" ;
+    Those kind = "ସେଇ" ++ kind ++ "ଗୁଡିକ" ;
+    Mod quality kind = quality ++ kind;
+    Wine  = "ମଦ";
+    Cheese  = "ଛେନା";
+    Fish  = "ମାଛ";
+    Pizza = "ପିଜଜ଼ା" ;
+    Very quality = "ଅତି" ++ quality;
+    Fresh  = "ତାଜା";
+    Warm  = "ଗରମ";
+    Italian  = "ଇଟାଲି";
+    Expensive  = "ମୁଲ୍ୟବାନ୍";
+    Delicious  = "ସ୍ଵାଦିସ୍ଟ ";
+    Boring  = "ଅରୁଚିକର";
+
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsPes.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+concrete FoodsPes of Foods = {
+
+      flags optimize=noexpand ; coding=utf8 ;
+	  
+      lincat
+        Comment = {s : Str} ;
+		Quality = {s : Add => Str; prep : Str} ;
+        Kind = {s : Add => Number => Str ; prep : Str};
+        Item = {s : Str ; n : Number};
+      lin
+        Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ quality.s ! Indep ++ copula ! item.n} ;
+        This = det Sg "این" ;
+        That = det Sg "آن" ;
+        These = det Pl "این" ;
+        Those = det Pl "آن" ;
+        
+        Mod quality kind = {s = \\a,n =>  kind.s ! Attr ! n ++ kind.prep ++ quality.s ! a ;                                  
+                            prep = quality.prep             
+                            };
+        Wine = regN "شراب" ; 
+        Cheese = regN "پنیر" ;
+        Fish = regN "ماهى" ;
+        Pizza = regN "پیتزا" ;
+        Very a = {s = \\at => "خیلی" ++ a.s ! at ; prep = a.prep} ;
+        Fresh = adj "تازه" ;
+        Warm = adj "گرم" ;
+        Italian = adj "ایتالیایی" ;
+        Expensive = adj "گران" ;
+        Delicious = adj "لذىذ" ;
+        Boring = adj "ملال آور" ;  -- it must be written as ملال آور. 
+     
+     param
+        Number = Sg | Pl ;
+		Add = Indep | Attr ;
+     oper
+        det : Number -> Str -> {s: Add => Number => Str ; prep : Str} -> {s : Str ; n: Number} =
+           \n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! Indep ! n ; n = n };
+           
+        noun : (x1,_,_,x4 : Str) -> {s : Add => Number => Str ; prep : Str} = \pytzA, pytzAy, pytzAhA,pr -> 
+         {s = \\a,n => case <a,n> of
+		        {<Indep,Sg> => pytzA ; <Indep,Pl> => pytzAhA ;
+  				 <Attr,Sg>  =>pytzA ; <Attr,Pl>  => pytzAhA + "ى" };
+		 prep = pr
+		 };		 
+         
+        regN : Str -> {s: Add => Number => Str ; prep : Str} = \mrd -> 
+		case mrd of 
+		{ _ + ("ا"|"ه"|"ى"|"و"|"") => noun mrd (mrd+"ى") (mrd + "ها") "";
+		  _                        => noun mrd mrd (mrd + "ها") "e"
+		};
+        
+        adj : Str -> {s : Add => Str; prep : Str} = \tAzh -> 
+		case tAzh of 
+		{ _ + ("ا"|"ه"|"ى"|"و"|"") => mkAdj tAzh (tAzh ++ "ى") "" ;
+		  _                        => mkAdj tAzh tAzh "ه"
+        };
+		
+		mkAdj : Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Add => Str; prep : Str} = \tAzh, tAzhy, pr  ->
+		{s = table {Indep => tAzh;
+		            Attr => tAzhy};
+		 prep = pr 			
+		};
+        copula : Number => Str = table {Sg => "است"; Pl => "هستند"};
+      
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsPor.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Rami Shashati under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsPor of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  flags coding=utf8;
+
+	lincat
+	  Comment = {s : Str} ;
+	  Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+	  Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+	  Item = {s : Str ; n : Number ; g : Gender } ;
+
+	lin
+	  Pred item quality =
+	    {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n } ;
+	  This = det Sg (table {Masc => "este" ; Fem => "esta"}) ;
+	  That = det Sg (table {Masc => "esse" ; Fem => "essa"}) ;
+	  These = det Pl (table {Masc => "estes" ; Fem => "estas"}) ;
+	  Those = det Pl (table {Masc => "esses" ; Fem => "essas"}) ;
+
+	  Mod quality kind = { s = \\n => kind.s ! n ++ quality.s ! kind.g ! n ; g = kind.g } ;
+
+	  Wine = regNoun "vinho" Masc ;
+	  Cheese = regNoun "queijo" Masc ;
+	  Fish = regNoun "peixe" Masc ;
+	  Pizza = regNoun "pizza" Fem ;
+
+      Very a = { s = \\g,n => "muito" ++ a.s ! g ! n } ;
+
+      Fresh = mkAdjReg "fresco" ;
+      Warm = mkAdjReg "quente" ;
+      Italian = mkAdjReg "Italiano" ;
+      Expensive = mkAdjReg "caro" ;
+      Delicious = mkAdjReg "delicioso" ;
+      Boring = mkAdjReg "chato" ;
+
+	param
+	  Number = Sg | Pl ;
+	  Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+
+	oper
+	  QualityT : Type = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+
+	  mkAdj : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> QualityT = \bonito,bonita,bonitos,bonitas -> {
+	  	s = table {
+	  		Masc => table { Sg => bonito ; Pl => bonitos } ;
+	  		Fem => table { Sg => bonita ; Pl => bonitas }
+	    } ;
+	  } ;
+
+	  -- regular pattern
+	  adjSozinho : Str -> QualityT = \sozinho ->
+        let sozinh = Predef.tk 1 sozinho
+        in mkAdj sozinho (sozinh + "a") (sozinh + "os") (sozinh + "as") ;
+
+      -- for gender-independent adjectives
+      adjUtil : Str -> Str -> QualityT = \util,uteis ->
+        mkAdj util util uteis uteis ;
+
+      -- smart paradigm for adjcetives
+      mkAdjReg : Str -> QualityT = \a -> case last a of {
+      	"o" => adjSozinho a ;
+        "e" => adjUtil a (a + "s")
+      } ;
+
+      ItemT : Type = {s : Str ; n : Number ; g : Gender } ;
+
+      det : Number -> (Gender => Str) -> KindT -> ItemT =
+        \num,det,noun -> {s = det ! noun.g ++ noun.s ! num ; n = num ; g = noun.g } ;
+
+	  KindT : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+
+	  noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> KindT =
+	    \animal,animais,gen -> {s = table {Sg => animal ; Pl => animais} ; g = gen } ;
+
+	  regNoun : Str -> Gender -> KindT =
+	    \carro,gen -> noun carro (carro + "s") gen ;
+
+	  copula : Number => Str = table {Sg => "é" ; Pl => "são"} ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsRon.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Ramona Enache under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsRon of Foods = 
+{
+flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+param Number = Sg | Pl ;
+      Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+      NGender = NMasc | NFem | NNeut ;
+lincat 
+Comment = {s : Str};
+Quality = {s : Number => Gender => Str};
+Kind = {s : Number => Str; g : NGender};
+Item = {s : Str ; n : Number; g : Gender};
+
+lin
+
+This = det Sg (mkTab "acest" "această");
+That = det Sg (mkTab "acel" "acea");
+These = det Pl (mkTab "acești" "aceste");
+Those = det Pl (mkTab "acei" "acele");
+
+Wine = mkNoun "vin" "vinuri" NNeut ;
+Cheese = mkNoun "brânză" "brânzeturi" NFem ;
+Fish = mkNoun "peşte" "peşti" NMasc ;
+Pizza = mkNoun "pizza" "pizze" NFem;
+
+Very a = {s = \\n,g => "foarte" ++ a.s ! n ! g};
+
+Fresh = mkAdj "proaspăt" "proaspătă" "proaspeţi" "proaspete" ;
+Warm = mkAdj "cald" "caldă" "calzi" "calde" ;
+Italian = mkAdj "italian" "italiană" "italieni" "italiene" ;
+Expensive = mkAdj "scump" "scumpă" "scumpi" "scumpe" ;
+Delicious = mkAdj "delicios" "delcioasă" "delicioşi" "delicioase" ;
+Boring = mkAdj "plictisitor" "plictisitoare" "plictisitori" "plictisitoare" ;
+
+Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! item.n ! item.g} ;
+
+Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => kind.s ! n ++ quality.s ! n ! (getAgrGender kind.g n) ; g = kind.g};
+
+oper 
+
+mkTab : Str -> Str -> {s : Gender => Str} = \acesta, aceasta ->
+{s = table{Masc => acesta;
+      Fem  => aceasta}};
+
+det : Number -> {s : Gender => Str} -> {s : Number => Str ; g : NGender} -> {s : Str; n : Number; g : Gender} =
+\n,det,noun -> let gg = getAgrGender noun.g n 
+  in
+   {s =  det.s ! gg  ++ noun.s ! n  ; n = n ; g = gg};
+
+mkNoun : Str -> Str -> NGender -> {s : Number => Str; g : NGender} = \peste, pesti,g ->
+{s = table {Sg => peste;
+            Pl => pesti};
+ g = g
+};
+
+oper mkAdj : (x1,_,_,x4 : Str) -> {s : Number => Gender => Str} = \scump, scumpa, scumpi, scumpe ->
+{s = \\n,g => case <n,g> of
+{<Sg,Masc> => scump ; <Sg,Fem> => scumpa;
+<Pl,Masc> => scumpi ; <Pl,Fem> => scumpe
+}};
+
+copula : Number => Str = table {Sg => "este" ; Pl => "sunt"};
+
+getAgrGender : NGender -> Number -> Gender = \ng,n ->
+case <ng,n> of
+{<NMasc,_> => Masc ; <NFem,_> => Fem;
+<NNeut,Sg> => Masc ; <NNeut,Pl> => Fem
+};
+
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsSpa.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+concrete FoodsSpa of Foods = open SyntaxSpa, StructuralSpa, ParadigmsSpa in {
+
+	lincat
+		Comment = Utt ;
+		Item = NP ;
+		Kind = CN ;
+		Quality = AP ;
+
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+		This kind = mkNP this_QuantSg kind ;
+		That kind = mkNP that_QuantSg kind ;
+		These kind = mkNP these_QuantPl kind ;
+		Those kind = mkNP those_QuantPl kind ;
+		Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+		Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+		Wine = mkCN (mkN "vino") ;
+                Pizza = mkCN (mkN "pizza") ;
+                Cheese = mkCN (mkN "queso") ;
+                Fish = mkCN (mkN "pescado") ;
+                Fresh = mkAP (mkA "fresco") ;
+                Warm = mkAP (mkA "caliente") ;
+                Italian = mkAP (mkA "italiano") ;
+                Expensive = mkAP (mkA "caro") ;
+                Delicious = mkAP (mkA "delicioso") ;
+                Boring = mkAP (mkA "aburrido") ;
+
+}
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsSwe.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsSwe of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxSwe),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsSwe) ** {flags language = sv_SE;} ;

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsTha.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+--# -path=.:alltenses
+
+concrete FoodsTha of Foods = open SyntaxTha, LexiconTha,
+  ParadigmsTha, (R=ResTha) in {
+
+        flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+	lincat
+		Comment = Utt ;
+		Item = NP ;
+		Kind = CN ;
+		Quality = AP ;
+
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+		This kind = mkNP this_Det kind ;
+		That kind = mkNP that_Det kind ;
+		These kind = mkNP these_Det kind ;
+		Those kind = mkNP those_Det kind ;
+		Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+		Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+		Wine = mkCN (mkN (R.thword "เหล้าอ" "งุ่น") "ขวด") ;
+                Pizza = mkCN (mkN (R.thword "พิซ" "ซา") "ถาด") ;
+                Cheese = mkCN (mkN (R.thword "เนย" "แข็ง") "ก้อน") ;
+                Fish = mkCN fish_N ;
+                Fresh = mkAP (mkA "สด") ;
+                Warm = mkAP warm_A ;
+                Italian = mkAP (mkA " อิตาลี") ;
+                Expensive = mkAP (mkA "แพง") ;
+                Delicious = mkAP (mkA "อร่อย") ;
+                Boring = mkAP (mkA (R.thword "น่า" "เบิ่อ")) ;
+
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsTsn.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+--# -path=alltenses
+
+-- (c) 2009 Laurette Pretorius Sr & Jr and Ansu Berg under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsTsn of Foods = open Prelude, Predef in {
+	flags coding = utf8;
+	lincat
+		Comment = {s:Str};
+		Item = {s:Str; c:NounClass; n:Number};
+		Kind = {w: Number => Str; r: Str; c: NounClass; q: Number => Str; b: Bool};
+		Quality = {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType};
+	lin	
+		Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ ((mkPredDescrCop quality.t) ! item.c ! item.n) ++ quality.p_form};
+
+		This kind = {s = (kind.w ! Sg) ++ (mkDemPron1 ! kind.c ! Sg) ++ (kind.q ! Sg); c = kind.c; n = Sg};
+		That kind = {s = (kind.w ! Sg) ++ (mkDemPron2 ! kind.c ! Sg) ++ (kind.q ! Sg); c = kind.c; n = Sg};
+		These kind = {s = (kind.w ! Pl) ++ (mkDemPron1 ! kind.c ! Pl) ++ (kind.q ! Pl); c = kind.c; n = Pl};
+		Those kind = {s = (kind.w ! Pl) ++ (mkDemPron2 ! kind.c ! Pl) ++ (kind.q ! Pl); c = kind.c; n = Pl};	
+		
+		Mod quality kind = mkMod quality kind;
+
+	-- Lexicon
+		Wine = mkNounNC14_6 "jalwa";
+		Cheese = mkNounNC9_10 "kase";
+		Fish = mkNounNC9_10 "thlapi";
+		Pizza = mkNounNC9_10 "pizza";
+		Very quality = smartVery quality; 
+		Fresh = mkVarAdj "ntsha";
+		Warm = mkOrdAdj "bothitho";
+		Italian = mkPerAdj "Itali";
+		Expensive = mkVerbRel "tura"; 
+		Delicious = mkOrdAdj "monate";
+		Boring = mkOrdAdj "bosula";
+		
+	param
+		NounClass = NC9_10 | NC14_6;
+		Number = Sg | Pl;
+		TType = P | V | ModV | R ;				
+	oper
+		mkMod : {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} -> {w: Number => Str; r: Str; c: NounClass; q: Number => Str; b: Bool} -> {w: Number => Str; r: Str; c: NounClass; q: Number => Str; 
+		b: Bool} = \x,y -> case y.b of
+		{
+			True => {w = y.w; r = y.r; c = y.c; 
+				q = table {
+				Sg => ((y.q ! Sg) ++ "le" ++ ((smartQualRelPart (x.t)) ! y.c ! Sg) ++ ((smartDescrCop (x.t)) ! 					y.c ! Sg) ++ (x.s ! y.c ! Sg)); 
+				Pl => ((y.q ! Pl) ++ "le" ++ ((smartQualRelPart (x.t))! y.c ! Pl) ++ ((smartDescrCop (x.t)) ! 					y.c ! Pl) ++(x.s ! y.c ! Pl))
+				  }; b = True
+				};
+			False => {w = y.w; r = y.r; c = y.c; 
+				q = table {
+				Sg => ((y.q ! Sg) ++ ((smartQualRelPart (x.t)) ! y.c ! Sg) ++ ((smartDescrCop (x.t)) ! y.c ! Sg) 					++ (x.s ! y.c ! Sg)); 
+				Pl => ((y.q ! Pl) ++ ((smartQualRelPart (x.t)) ! y.c ! Pl) ++ ((smartDescrCop (x.t)) ! y.c ! Pl) 					++(x.s ! y.c ! Pl))
+				  }; b = True
+				}
+		};
+
+		mkNounNC14_6 : Str -> {w: Number => Str; r: Str; c: NounClass; q: Number => Str; b: Bool} = \x -> {w = table {Sg => "bo" + x; Pl => "ma" + x}; r = x; c = NC14_6; 
+		q = table {Sg => ""; Pl => ""}; b = False};
+		
+		mkNounNC9_10 : Str -> {w: Number => Str; r: Str; c: NounClass; q: Number => Str; b: Bool} = \x -> {w = table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "di" + x}; r = x; c = NC9_10; 
+		q = table {Sg => ""; Pl => ""}; b = False};
+
+		mkVarAdj : Str -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x -> 
+		{
+			s = table {
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "di" + x};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo" + x; Pl => "ma" + x}
+				};
+			p_form = x;
+			t = R;
+		};
+
+		mkOrdAdj : Str -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x -> 
+		{
+			s = table {
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "" + x};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "" + x}
+				};
+			p_form = x;
+			t = R;
+		};
+
+		mkVerbRel : Str -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x -> 
+		{
+			s = table {
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => x + "ng"; Pl => x + "ng"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => x + "ng"; Pl => x + "ng"}
+				};
+			p_form = x;
+			t = V;
+		};
+
+		mkPerAdj : Str -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x -> 
+		{
+			s = table {
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "" + x};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "" + x; Pl => "" + x}
+				};
+			p_form = "mo" ++ x;
+			t = P;
+		};
+
+		mkVeryAdj : {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x ->
+		{
+			s = table{c => table{n => (x.s!c!n) ++ "thata"}}; p_form = x.p_form ++ "thata"; t = x.t
+		};
+
+		mkVeryVerb : {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = \x ->
+		{
+			s = table{c => table{n => (x.s!c!n) ++ "thata"}}; p_form = x.p_form ++ "thata"; t = ModV
+		};
+
+		smartVery : {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} -> {s: NounClass => Number => Str; p_form: Str; t: TType} = 
+\x -> case x.t of --(x.s!c!n)
+		{
+			(V | ModV)	=>	mkVeryVerb x;
+			--ModV	=>	mkVeryVerb x;
+			_	=>	mkVeryAdj x
+		};
+
+		mkDemPron1 : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "e"; Pl => "tse"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo"; Pl => "a"}
+			};
+		
+		mkDemPron2 : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "eo"; Pl => "tseo"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "boo"; Pl => "ao"}
+			};
+
+		smartQualRelPart : TType -> (NounClass => Number => Str) = \x -> case x of 
+		{
+			P	=> mkQualRelPart_PName;
+			_	=> mkQualRelPart
+		};
+
+		mkQualRelPart : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "e"; Pl => "tse"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo"; Pl => "a"}
+			};
+
+		mkQualRelPart_PName : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "ya"; Pl => "tsa"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "ba"; Pl => "a"}
+			};
+
+		smartDescrCop : TType -> (NounClass => Number => Str) = \x -> case x of
+		{
+			P	=> mkDescrCop_PName;
+			_	=> mkDescrCop
+		};
+
+		mkDescrCop : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "e"; Pl => "di"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo"; Pl => "a"}
+			};
+
+		mkDescrCop_PName : NounClass => Number => Str = table
+			{
+				NC9_10 => table {Sg => "ga"; Pl => "ga"};
+				NC14_6 => table {Sg => "ga"; Pl => "ga"}
+			};
+
+		mkPredDescrCop : TType -> (NounClass => Number => Str) = \x -> case x of
+			{
+				V => table 	{NC9_10 => table {Sg => "e" ++ "a"; Pl => "di" ++ "a"};
+						NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo" ++ "a"; Pl => "a" ++ "a"}};
+
+				_ => table	{NC9_10 => table {Sg => "e"; Pl => "di"};
+						NC14_6 => table {Sg => "bo"; Pl => "a"}}
+			};
+
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsTur.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+{-
+  File      : FoodsTur.gf
+  Author    : Server Çimen
+  Version   : 1.0
+  Created on: August 26, 2009
+
+  This file contains concrete grammar of Foods abstract grammar for Turkish Language.
+  This grammar is to be used for Fridge demo and developed in the scope of GF Resource
+  Grammar Summer School.
+
+-}
+
+concrete FoodsTur of Foods = open Predef in {
+  flags
+    coding=utf8 ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ;
+    Quality = {s : Str ; c : Case; softness : Softness; h : Harmony} ;
+    Kind = {s : Case => Number => Str} ;
+    Item = {s : Str; n : Number} ;
+  lin
+    This = det Sg "bu" ;
+    That = det Sg "şu" ;
+    These = det Pl "bu" ;
+    Those = det Pl "şu" ;
+    -- Reason for excluding plural form of copula: In Turkish if subject is not a human being,
+    -- then singular form of copula is used regardless of the number of subject. Since all
+    -- possible subjects are non human, copula do not need to have plural form.
+    Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ quality.s ++ "&+" ++ copula ! quality.softness ! quality.h} ;--! item.n} ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = case quality.c of {
+                              Nom => \\t,n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! t ! n ;
+                              Gen => \\t,n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! Gen ! n
+                            }
+                       } ;
+    Wine = mkN "şarap" "şaraplar" "şarabı" "şarapları" ;
+    Cheese = mkN "peynir" "peynirler" "peyniri" "peynirleri" ;
+    Fish = mkN "balık" "balıklar" "balığı" "balıkları" ;
+    Pizza = mkN "pizza" "pizzalar" "pizzası" "pizzaları" ;
+    Very a = {s = "çok" ++ a.s ; c = a.c; softness = a.softness; h = a.h} ;
+    Fresh = adj "taze" Nom;
+    Warm = adj "ılık" Nom;
+    Italian = adj "İtalyan" Gen ;
+    Expensive = adj "pahalı" Nom;
+    Delicious = adj "lezzetli" Nom;
+    Boring = adj "sıkıcı" Nom;
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Case = Nom | Gen ;
+    Harmony = I_Har | Ih_Har | U_Har | Uh_Har ; --Ih = İ; Uh = Ü
+    Softness = Soft | Hard ;
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> {s : Case => Number => Str} -> {s : Str; n : Number} =
+      \num,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! Nom ! num; n = num} ;
+    mkN = overload {
+      mkN : Str -> Str -> {s : Case => Number => Str} = regNoun ;
+      mkn : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str-> {s : Case => Number => Str} = noun ;
+    } ;
+    regNoun : Str -> Str -> {s : Case => Number => Str} =
+      \peynir,peynirler -> noun peynir peynirler [] [] ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str-> {s : Case => Number => Str} = 
+      \sarap,saraplar,sarabi,saraplari -> {
+        s = table {
+	      Nom =>  table {
+			Sg => sarap ;
+			Pl => saraplar
+	              } ;
+              Gen =>  table {
+                        Sg => sarabi ;
+			Pl => saraplari
+	              }
+              }
+      };
+  {-
+    Since there is a bug in overloading, this overload is useless.
+
+    mkA = overload {
+      mkA : Str -> {s : Str; c : Case; softness : Softness; h : Harmony} = \base -> adj base Nom ;
+      mkA : Str -> Case -> {s : Str; c : Case; softness : Softness; h : Harmony} = adj ;
+    } ;
+  -}
+    adj : Str -> Case -> {s : Str; c : Case; softness : Softness; h : Harmony} =
+      \italyan,ca -> {s = italyan ; c = ca; softness = (getSoftness italyan); h = (getHarmony italyan)} ;
+    -- See the comment at lines 26 and 27 for excluded plural form of copula.
+    copula : Softness => Harmony {-=> Number-} => Str =
+      table {
+        Soft => table {
+                  I_Har => "dır" ;--table {
+			   -- Sg => "dır" ;
+			   -- Pl => "dırlar"
+		  --} ;
+		  Ih_Har => "dir" ;--table {
+			    --Sg => "dir" ;
+			    --Pl => "dirler"
+		  --} ;
+		  U_Har => "dur" ;--table {
+			   -- Sg => "dur" ;
+			   -- Pl => "durlar"
+		  --} ;
+		  Uh_Har => "dür" --table {
+			    --Sg => "dür" ;
+			    --Pl => "dürler"
+		  --}
+        } ;
+        Hard => table {
+                  I_Har => "tır" ;--table {
+			    --Sg => "tır" ;
+			    --Pl => "tırlar"
+		  --} ;
+		  Ih_Har => "tir" ;--table {
+			    --Sg => "tir" ;
+			    --Pl => "tirler"
+		  --} ;
+		  U_Har => "tur" ;--table {
+			   -- Sg => "tur" ;
+			   -- Pl => "turlar"
+		  --} ;
+		  Uh_Har => "tür"--table {
+			    --Sg => "tür" ;
+			    --Pl => "türler"
+		  --}
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    getHarmony : Str -> Harmony
+      = \base -> case base of {
+                 _+c@("ı"|"a"|"i"|"e"|"u"|"o"|"ü"|"ö")+
+                 ("b"|"v"|"d"|"z"|"j"|"c"|"g"|"ğ"|"l"|"r"|"m"|"n"|"y"|"p"|"f"|"t"|"s"|"ş"|"ç"|"k"|"h")* =>
+                    case c of {
+                      ("ı"|"a") => I_Har ;
+                      ("i"|"e") => Ih_Har ;
+                      ("u"|"o") => U_Har  ;
+                      ("ü"|"ö") => Uh_Har
+                    }
+        } ;
+    getSoftness : Str -> Softness
+      = \base -> case base of {
+		   _+("f"|"s"|"t"|"k"|"ç"|"ş"|"h"|"p") => Hard ;
+		   _ => Soft
+		 } ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/FoodsUrd.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Shafqat Virk under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsUrd of Foods = {
+
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  
+	  param Number = Sg | Pl ;
+        param Gender = Masc | Fem;
+	  
+	 oper coupla : Number -> Str =\n -> case n of {Sg => "ہے" ; Pl => "ہیں"};
+	  
+	 	  
+      lincat
+        Comment = {s : Str} ; 
+	  Item = {s: Str ; n: Number ; g:Gender};
+	  Kind = {s: Number => Str ; g:Gender};
+        Quality = {s: Gender => Number => Str};
+  
+   lin
+    Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ++  coupla item.n} ;
+	This kind = {s = "یھ" ++ kind.s ! Sg; n= Sg ; g = kind.g } ;
+	These kind = {s = "یھ" ++ kind.s ! Pl; n = Pl ; g = kind.g} ;
+    That kind = {s = "وہ"  ++ kind.s ! Sg; n= Sg ; g = kind.g} ;
+	Those kind = {s = "وہ" ++ kind.s ! Pl; n=Pl ; g = kind.g} ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n  ++ kind.s ! n ;  g = kind.g};
+	Wine = {s = table { Sg => "شراب" ; Pl => "شرابیں"} ; g = Fem};
+    Cheese = {s = table { Sg => "پنیر" ; Pl => "پنیریں"} ; g = Fem};
+    Fish = {s = table { Sg => "مچھلی" ; Pl => "مچھلیاں"} ; g = Fem};
+    Pizza = {s = table { Sg => "پیزہ" ; Pl => "پیزے"} ; g = Masc};
+	Very quality = {s = \\g,n => "بہت" ++ quality.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "تازہ" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "گرم" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "اٹا لوی" ;
+    Expensive = regAdj "مہنگا" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "مزیدار" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "فضول" ;
+   
+   oper
+    regAdj : Str -> {s: Gender => Number => Str} = \a -> case a of {
+        x + "ا" => mkAdj a (x+"ے") (x+"ی");
+        _      => mkAdj a a a
+       };
+    mkAdj : Str -> Str -> Str -> {s: Gender => Number => Str} = \s,p,f -> {
+      s = table {
+           Masc => table {
+              Sg => s;
+              Pl => p
+              };
+           Fem => \\_ => f
+         }
+       };
+	}  

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoods.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+interface LexFoods = open Syntax in {
+  oper
+    wine_N : N ;
+    pizza_N : N ;
+    cheese_N : N ;
+    fish_N : N ;
+    fresh_A : A ;
+    warm_A : A ;
+    italian_A : A ;
+    expensive_A : A ;
+    delicious_A : A ;
+    boring_A : A ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoodsCat.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Jordi Saludes under LGPL
+
+instance LexFoodsCat of LexFoods = 
+    open SyntaxCat, ParadigmsCat, (M = MorphoCat) in {
+  flags
+	coding = utf8 ;
+  oper
+    wine_N = mkN "vi" "vins" M.Masc ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "pizza" ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "formatge" ;
+    fish_N = mkN "peix" "peixos" M.Masc;
+    fresh_A = mkA "fresc" "fresca" "frescos" "fresques" "frescament";
+    warm_A = mkA "calent" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "italià" "italiana" "italians" "italianes" "italianament" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "car" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "deliciós" "deliciosa" "deliciosos" "delicioses" "deliciosament";
+    boring_A = mkA "aburrit" "aburrida" "aburrits" "aburrides" "aburridament" ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoodsFin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+instance LexFoodsFin of LexFoods =
+    open SyntaxFin, ParadigmsFin in {
+  flags coding=utf8;
+  oper
+    wine_N = mkN "viini" ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "pizza" ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "juusto" ;
+    fish_N = mkN "kala" ;
+    fresh_A = mkA "tuore" ;
+    warm_A = mkA
+    (mkN "lämmin" "lämpimän" "lämmintä" "lämpimänä" "lämpimään"
+         "lämpiminä" "lämpimiä" "lämpimien" "lämpimissä" "lämpimiin"
+	 )
+    "lämpimämpi" "lämpimin" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "italialainen" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "kallis" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "herkullinen" ;
+    boring_A = mkA "tylsä" ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoodsGer.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+instance LexFoodsGer of LexFoods =
+    open SyntaxGer, ParadigmsGer in {
+  flags coding=utf8;
+  oper
+    wine_N = mkN "Wein" ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "Pizza" "Pizzen" feminine ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "Käse" "Käse" masculine ;
+    fish_N = mkN "Fisch" ;
+    fresh_A = mkA "frisch" ;
+    warm_A = mkA "warm" "wärmer" "wärmste" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "italienisch" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "teuer" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "köstlich" ;
+    boring_A = mkA "langweilig" ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoodsIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+instance LexFoodsIta of LexFoods = 
+    open SyntaxIta, ParadigmsIta in {
+  oper
+    wine_N = mkN "vino" ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "pizza" ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "formaggio" ;
+    fish_N = mkN "pesce" ;
+    fresh_A = mkA "fresco" ;
+    warm_A = mkA "caldo" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "italiano" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "caro" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "delizioso" ;
+    boring_A = mkA "noioso" ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/LexFoodsSwe.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+instance LexFoodsSwe of LexFoods =
+    open SyntaxSwe, ParadigmsSwe in {
+  flags coding=utf8;
+  oper
+    wine_N = mkN "vin" "vinet" "viner" "vinerna" ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "pizza" ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "ost" ;
+    fish_N = mkN "fisk" ;
+    fresh_A = mkA "färsk" ;
+    warm_A = mkA "varm" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "italiensk" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "dyr" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "läcker" ;
+    boring_A = mkA "tråkig" ;
+}

samples/Grammatical Framework/ResCze.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+-- (c) 2011 Katerina Bohmova under LGPL
+
+resource ResCze = open Prelude in {
+  flags 
+    coding = utf8 ;
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr;
+  oper
+    NounPhrase : Type = 
+      {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ; 
+    Noun : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Adjective : Type = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+
+    det : Number -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Noun -> NounPhrase =
+      \n,m,f,ne,cn -> {
+        s = table {Masc => m ; Fem => f; Neutr => ne} ! cn.g ++ 
+            cn.s ! n ;
+        g = cn.g ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun =
+      \muz,muzi,g -> {
+        s = table {Sg => muz ; Pl => muzi} ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+    adjective : (msg,fsg,nsg,mpl,fpl,npl : Str) -> Adjective =
+      \msg,fsg,nsg,mpl,fpl,npl -> {
+        s = table {
+          Masc => table {Sg => msg ; Pl => mpl} ; 
+          Fem => table {Sg => fsg ; Pl => fpl}  ;
+          Neutr => table {Sg => nsg ; Pl => npl}
+          }
+        } ;
+    regAdj : Str -> Adjective = 
+      \mlad ->
+      adjective (mlad+"ý") (mlad+"á") (mlad+"é")
+		 (mlad+"é") (mlad+"é") (mlad+"á") ;
+    regnfAdj : Str -> Adjective = 
+      \vynikajici ->
+      adjective vynikajici vynikajici vynikajici 
+		vynikajici vynikajici vynikajici;
+    copula : Number => Str = 
+      table {Sg => "je" ; Pl => "jsou"} ;
+}
+

samples/Grammatical Framework/transFoodsHin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsHin of Foods = {
+
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ;
+    Item    = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+    Kind    = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = {
+      s = item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ++ copula item.n
+      } ;
+    This kind = {s = "yah" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    That kind = {s = "vah" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    These kind = {s = "ye" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Those kind = {s = "ve" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ++ kind.s ! n ; 
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+    Wine = regN "madirA" ;
+    Cheese = regN "panIr" ;
+    Fish = regN "maClI" ;
+    Pizza = regN "pijjA" ;
+    Very quality = {s = \\g,n => "bahut" ++ quality.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "tAzA" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "garam" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "i-t.alI" ; 
+    Expensive = regAdj "mahaNgA" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "rucikar" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "pEriyA" ;
+
+  oper
+    mkN : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \s,p,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => s ;
+          Pl => p
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+
+    regN : Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = \s -> case s of {
+      lark + "A" => mkN s (lark + "e") Masc ;
+      lark + "I" => mkN s (lark + "iyaM") Fem ;
+      _           => mkN s s Masc 
+      } ;
+
+    mkAdj : Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \ms,mp,f -> {
+      s = table {
+        Masc => table {
+          Sg => ms ;
+          Pl => mp
+          } ;
+        Fem  => \\_ => f
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \a -> case a of {
+      acch + "A" => mkAdj a (acch + "e") (acch + "I") ;
+      _          => mkAdj a a a
+      } ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str = \n -> case n of {
+      Sg => "hE" ;
+      Pl => "hEN"
+      } ;
+
+  }

samples/HTML/ApiOverviewPage.st

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Frameset//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/frameset.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+$Common_meta()$
+<title>
+Android API Differences Report
+</title>
+<body>
+<div class="body">
+
+$Header()$
+
+
+<div class="content">
+<h2>Android API Differences Report</h2>
+<p>This document details the changes in the Android framework API. It shows 
+additions, modifications, and removals for packages, classes, methods, and 
+fields. Each reference to an API change includes a brief description of the 
+API and an explanation of the change and suggested workaround, where available.</p>
+
+<p>The differences described in this report are based a comparison of the APIs 
+whose versions are specified in the upper-right corner of this page. It compares a 
+newer "to" API to an older "from" version, noting any changes relative to the 
+older API. So, for example, indicated API removals are no longer present in the "to" 
+API.</p>
+<p>For more information about the Android framework API and SDK, 
+see the <a href="http://code.google.com/android/index.html" target="_top">Android product site</a>.</p>
+
+$if(no_delta)$
+<h3>Congratulation!</h3>
+No differences were detected between the two provided APIs.
+$endif$
+
+
+$if(removed_packages)$
+$Table(name="Removed Packages", rows=removed_packages:{$it.from:ModelElementRow()$})$
+<br/>
+$endif$
+
+
+$if(added_packages)$
+$Table(name="Added Packages", rows=added_packages:{$it.to:PackageAddedLink()$}:SimpleTableRow())$
+<br/>
+$endif$
+
+$if(changed_packages)$
+$Table(name="Changed Packages", rows=changed_packages:{$it.to:PackageChangedLink()$}:SimpleTableRow())$
+<br/>
+$endif$
+</div>
+
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
+
+
+
+

samples/HTML/pages.html

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/>
+<title>Related Pages</title>
+<link href="qt.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class=header>
+<a class=headerLink  href="index.html">Main Page</a> &middot;
+<a class=headerLink  href="classoverview.html">Class Overview</a> &middot;
+<a class=headerLink  href="hierarchy.html">Hierarchy</a> &middot;
+<a class=headerLink  href="annotated.html">All Classes</a>
+</div>
+<!-- Generated by Doxygen 1.8.1.2 -->
+</div><!-- top -->
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="headertitle">
+<div class="title">Related Pages</div>  </div>
+</div><!--header-->
+<div class="contents">
+<div class="textblock">Here is a list of all related documentation pages:</div><div class="directory">
+<table class="directory">
+<tr id="row_0_" class="even"><td class="entry"><img src="ftv2node.png" alt="o" width="16" height="22" /><a class="el" href="classoverview.html" target="_self">Class Overview</a></td><td class="desc"></td></tr>
+<tr id="row_1_"><td class="entry"><img src="ftv2lastnode.png" alt="\" width="16" height="22" /><a class="el" href="thelayoutsystem.html" target="_self">The Layout System</a></td><td class="desc"></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div><!-- directory -->
+</div><!-- contents -->
+<div class="footer" />Generated with <a href="http://www.doxygen.org/index.html">Doxygen</a> 1.8.1.2</div>
+</body>
+</html>

samples/Haskell/Hello.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import Data.Char
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+	let hello = "hello world"
+	putStrLn $ map toUpper hello

samples/Haskell/Main.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module Main where
+
+import Sudoku
+import Data.Maybe
+
+
+sudoku :: Sudoku
+sudoku = [8, 0, 1, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+          4, 3, 0, 8, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 3,
+          2, 0, 8, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 9,
+          0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0,
+          6, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 8, 0, 4,
+          3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+          1, 0, 5, 0, 0, 6, 0, 4, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 3, 0, 8]
+
+{-
+sudoku :: Sudoku
+sudoku = [8, 6, 1, 3, 4, 7, 2, 9, 5,
+		  4, 3, 2, 8, 9, 5, 1, 6, 7,
+		  9, 5, 7, 1, 6, 2, 4, 8, 3,
+		  2, 7, 8, 4, 5, 1, 6, 3, 9,
+		  5, 4, 9, 6, 8, 3, 7, 2, 1,
+		  6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 9, 8, 5, 4,
+		  3, 2, 4, 9, 1, 8, 5, 7, 6,
+		  1, 8, 5, 7, 3, 6, 9, 4, 2,
+		  7, 9, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1, 8]
+-}
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+	putStrLn $ pPrint sudoku ++ "\n\n"
+	putStrLn $ pPrint $ fromMaybe [] $ solve sudoku

samples/Haskell/Sudoku.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module Sudoku
+(
+  Sudoku,
+  solve,
+  isSolved,
+  pPrint
+) where
+
+import Data.Maybe
+import Data.List
+import Data.List.Split
+
+type Sudoku = [Int]
+
+solve :: Sudoku -> Maybe Sudoku
+solve sudoku
+  | isSolved sudoku = Just sudoku
+  | otherwise = do
+    index <- elemIndex 0 sudoku
+    let sudokus = [nextTest sudoku index i | i <- [1..9],
+                                  checkRow (nextTest sudoku index i) index,
+                                  checkColumn (nextTest sudoku index i) index,
+                                  checkBox (nextTest sudoku index i) index]
+    listToMaybe $ mapMaybe solve sudokus
+  where nextTest sudoku index i = take index sudoku ++ [i] ++ drop (index+1) sudoku
+        checkRow sudoku index = (length $ getRow sudoku index) == (length $ nub $ getRow sudoku index)
+        checkColumn sudoku index = (length $ getColumn sudoku index) == (length $ nub $ getColumn sudoku index)
+        checkBox sudoku index = (length $ getBox sudoku index) == (length $ nub $ getBox sudoku index)
+        getRow sudoku index = filter (/=0) $ (chunksOf 9 sudoku) !! (quot index 9)
+        getColumn sudoku index = filter (/=0) $ (transpose $ chunksOf 9 sudoku) !! (mod index 9)
+        getBox sudoku index = filter (/=0) $ (map concat $ concatMap transpose $ chunksOf 3 $ map (chunksOf 3) $ chunksOf 9 sudoku)
+                                                                                !! (3 * (quot index 27) + (quot (mod index 9) 3))
+
+isSolved :: Sudoku -> Bool
+isSolved sudoku
+  | product sudoku == 0 = False
+  | map (length . nub) sudokuRows /= map length sudokuRows = False
+  | map (length . nub) sudokuColumns /= map length sudokuColumns = False
+  | map (length . nub) sudokuBoxes /= map length sudokuBoxes = False
+  | otherwise = True
+  where sudokuRows = chunksOf 9 sudoku
+        sudokuColumns = transpose sudokuRows
+        sudokuBoxes = map concat $ concatMap transpose $ chunksOf 3 $ map (chunksOf 3) $ chunksOf 9 sudoku
+
+pPrint :: Sudoku -> String
+pPrint sudoku = intercalate "\n" $ map (intercalate " " . map show) $ chunksOf 9 sudoku

samples/Inform 7/Trivial Extension.i7x

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Version 1 of Trivial Extension by Andrew Plotkin begins here.
+
+A cow is a kind of animal. A cow can be purple.
+
+Trivial Extension ends here.
+

samples/Inform 7/story.ni

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+"Test Case" by Andrew Plotkin.
+
+Include Trivial Extension by Andrew Plotkin.
+
+The Kitchen is a room.
+
+[This kitchen is modelled after the one in Zork, although it lacks the detail to establish this to the player.]
+
+A purple cow called Gelett is in the Kitchen.
+
+Instead of examining Gelett:
+	say "You'd rather see than be one."

samples/JSONiq/detail.jq

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+(: Query for returning one database entry :) 
+
+import module namespace req = "http://www.28msec.com/modules/http-request";
+import module namespace catalog = "http://guide.com/catalog";
+
+variable $id := (req:param-values("id"), "London")[1];
+variable $part := (req:param-values("part"), "main")[1];
+
+catalog:get-data-by-key($id, $part)

samples/JSONiq/query.jq

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+(: Query for searching the database for keywords :)
+
+import module namespace index = "http://guide.com/index";
+import module namespace catalog = "http://guide.com/catalog";
+
+import module namespace req = "http://www.28msec.com/modules/http-request";
+
+variable $phrase := (req:param-values("q"), "London")[1];
+variable $limit := integer((req:param-values("limit"), 5)[1]);
+
+[
+for $result at $idx in index:index-search($phrase)
+where $idx le $limit
+let $data := catalog:get-data-by-id($result.s, $result.p)
+return 
+    {| { score : $result.r } , $data |}  
+]

samples/Kit/demo.kit

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!-- $pageTitle: The Kit Language -->
+
+<section>
+	<h1><!-- $pageTitle --></h1>
+	<p>
+		<!-- @include "loremipsum" -->
+	</p>
+</section>

samples/Latte/layout.latte

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+{**
+ * @param string $basePath web base path
+ * @param string $robots tell robots how to index the content of a page (optional)
+ * @param array $flashes flash messages
+ *}
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<meta charset="utf-8">
+	<meta name="description" content="">
+	<meta name="author" content="">
+	<meta name="robots" content="{$robots}" n:ifset="$robots">
+	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+
+	<title>{ifset $title}{$title} › {/ifset}Translation report</title>
+
+	<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen,projection,tv" href="{$cdnUrl}/css/style.css?v={$cssHash}">
+	<link rel="shortcut icon" href="{$cdnUrl}/favicon.png">
+	<!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
+    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
+		<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
+		<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script>
+    <![endif]-->
+    <script n:syntax="off">
+		(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
+		(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
+		m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
+		})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
+		ga('create', 'UA-33892654-4', 'khanovaskola.cz');
+		ga('send', 'pageview');
+    </script>
+	{block #head}{/block}
+</head>
+
+<body class="amara-guest history-empty">
+	<script> document.documentElement.className+=' js' </script>
+
+	{block #navbar}
+		{include _navbar.latte}
+	{/block}
+
+	<div class="container">
+		<div class="row">
+			<div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2" n:inner-foreach="$flashes as $flash">
+				{include _flash.latte, flash => $flash}
+			</div>
+		</div>
+
+		{include #content}
+	</div>
+
+	<footer>
+	</footer>
+
+	<script src="{$cdnUrl}/js/compiled.js?v={$jsHash}"></script>
+	{block #scripts}{/block}
+</body>
+</html>

samples/Latte/template.latte

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+{var $title => "⚐ {$new->title}"}
+{define author}
+	<a n:href="Author: authorId => $author->id" class="black">
+		<img src="{$author->avatar}" width="32" height="32" class="img-rounded">
+		<span class="{$class}">{$author->name|trim}</span>
+	</a>
+	<span data-toggle="tooltip" title="Total time {$author->shortName} translated on all videos.">
+		{$author->estimatedTimeTranslated|secondsToTime}{*
+	*}</span>{if $author->joined}, {/if}
+	{if $author->joined}joined {$author->joined|timeAgo}{/if}{*
+	*}{ifset $postfix}, {$postfix}{/ifset}
+{/define}
+{block #scripts}
+	<script src="{$amaraCallbackLink}"></script>
+{/block}
+{block #content}
+
+{if isset($old)}
+	<h1>Diffing revision #{$old->revision} and #{$new->revision}</h1>
+{else}
+	<h1>First revision</h1>
+{/if}
+
+{var $editor = $user->loggedIn && $new->language === 'cs'}
+{var $rev = $new->video->siteRevision}
+<div class="row">
+	<div class="col-md-7">
+		<p>
+			published <b>{$new->publishedAt|timeAgo}</b>{*
+			*}{ifset $old},
+				<span>
+					{$new->textChange * 100|number}&thinsp;% text change{*
+				*}</span>{*
+				*}{if $new->timeChange},
+					<span>
+						{$new->timeChange * 100|number}&thinsp;% timing change
+					</span>
+				{/if}
+			{/ifset}
+		</p>
+		{cache $new->id, expires => '+4 hours'}
+			<p>
+				{if isset($old) && $old->author->name !== $new->author->name}
+					{include author, author => $old->author, class => 'author-old'}
+					&mdash;
+					{include author, author => $new->author, class => 'author-new'}
+				{elseif isset($old)}
+					{include author, author => $new->author, class => 'author-new', postfix => 'authored both revisions'}
+				{else}
+					{include author, author => $new->author, class => 'author-new'}
+				{/if}
+			</p>
+		{/cache}
+
+		{var $threshold = 10}
+		{cache $new->id}
+			{var $done = $new->timeTranslated}
+			{var $outOf = $new->video->canonicalTimeTranslated}
+			{if $outOf}
+				<p n:if="$outOf > $done + $threshold" class="alert alert-warning">
+					Only {$done|time} translated out of {$outOf|time},
+					{(1-$done/$outOf) * 100|number}&thinsp;% ({$outOf - $done|time}) left
+				</p>
+				<p n:if="$outOf <= $done + $threshold" class="alert alert-success">
+					Seems complete: {$done|time} translated out of {$outOf|time}
+				</p>
+			{elseif $done}
+				<p n:if="$outOf <= $done + $threshold" class="alert alert-info">
+					Although {$done|time} is translated, there are no English subtitles for comparison.
+				</p>
+			{/if}
+		{/cache}
+
+		{if $editor}
+			{var $ksid = $new->video->siteId}
+			{if $ksid}
+				<a href="https://khanovaskola.cz/watch/default/?vid={$ksid}">
+					Video on khanovaskola.cz
+					{if $new->revision === $rev}
+						(on this revision)
+					{elseif $new->revision > $rev}
+						(on older revision #{$rev})
+					{else}
+						(on newer revision #{$rev})
+					{/if}
+				</a>
+			{/if}
+		{/if}
+
+		<h3 class="diff">{$diffs->title|noescape}</h3>
+		<div class="lead diff">{$diffs->description|noescape}</div>
+		<div class="diff subtitles">
+			<div n:foreach="$diffs->text as $line" class="line" data-context="{$line->context}">
+				{$line->text|noescape}&nbsp;
+			</div>
+			<div class="splitter template">
+				<span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Expand">
+					<i class="fa fa-sort"></i> <i class="fa fa-ellipsis-h"></i>
+				</span>
+			</div>
+		</div>
+
+		{if $editor}
+			{if $new->approved}
+				<span class="text-success">
+					Revision has been approved{if $new->editor} by {$new->editor->name}{/if}.
+				</span>
+				<a n:href="amaraEdit, amaraId => $new->video->amaraId" n:block="editButton" class="btn btn-default">
+					<i class="fa fa-edit"></i>
+					Edit on Amara
+				</a>
+				<a n:href="khanAcademy" n:block="kaButton" class="btn btn-link">
+					on Khan Academy
+				</a>
+
+			{elseif $new->incomplete}
+				<span class="text-info">
+					Revision has been marked as incomplete by {if $new->editor}{$new->editor->name}{/if}.
+				</span>
+				{include editButton}
+				{include kaButton}
+
+			{* else $new->status === UNSET: *}
+			{elseif $new->video->siteId}
+				<div class="btn-group">
+					<a n:href="approve!" class="btn btn-default">
+						<i class="fa fa-thumbs-o-up"></i>
+						Approve (update kš)
+					</a>
+					<a n:href="markIncomplete!" class="btn btn-default">
+						<i class="fa fa-thumbs-o-down"></i>
+						Mark as incomplete
+					</a>
+					{include editButton}
+				</div>
+				{include kaButton}
+
+			{else}
+				<div class="btn-group">
+					<a n:href="redirectToAdd!" class="btn btn-default">
+						<i class="fa fa-plus-square-o"></i>
+						Approve (add to kš)
+					</a>
+					<a n:href="markIncomplete!" class="btn btn-default">
+						<i class="fa fa-thumbs-o-down"></i>
+						Mark as incomplete
+					</a>
+					{include editButton}
+				</div>
+				{include kaButton}
+				<div>
+					<h5>Filed under category:</h5>
+					{foreach $new->video->categories as $list}
+						&mdash; {$list|implode:' › '}{sep}<br>{/sep}
+					{/foreach}
+				</div>
+			{/if}
+		{/if}
+	</div>
+	<div class="col-md-5">
+		<h4>All revisions:</h4>
+		<table class="table table-condensed revisions">
+			{foreach $new->video->getRevisionsIn($new->language) as $revision}
+				<tr n:class="$revision->revision === $new->revision ? 'active'">
+					<td class="revision">
+						<a n:href="this, revId => $revision->id">#{$revision->revision}</a>
+					</td>
+					<td>
+						<a n:href="Author: authorId => $revision->author->id" class="black">
+							<img src="{$revision->author->avatar}" width="32" height="32" class="img-rounded">
+							{$revision->author->name}
+						</a>
+					</td>
+					<td>
+						<span class="secondary">
+							{$revision->publishedAt|timeAgo}
+						</span>
+					</td>
+					<td>
+						{* vars $outOf, $threshold already set *}
+						{default $outOf = $new->video->canonicalTimeTranslated}
+						{if $outOf} {* ignore if canonical time not set *}
+							{var $done = $revision->timeTranslated}
+							<span n:if="$outOf > $done + $threshold" class="text-warning"
+								data-toggle="tooltip" title="Percent of lines translated">
+								{$done/$outOf * 100|number}&thinsp;%
+							</span>
+							<span n:if="$outOf <= $done + $threshold" class="text-success">
+								~100&thinsp;%
+							</span>
+						{/if}
+					</td>
+					<td>
+						{if $revision->incomplete || $revision->approved}
+							{var $i = $revision->incomplete}
+							<span n:class="$i ? 'text-warning' : 'text-success'">
+								{if $i}incomplete{else}approved{/if}
+							</span>
+						{/if}
+					</td>
+					{if $user->loggedIn && $revision->comments->count()}
+						</tr>
+						<tr class="row-noborder">
+							<td colspan="99">
+								<table class="comments">
+									<tr n:foreach="$revision->comments as $comment">
+										<td class="col-comment-author">
+											<span class="secondary" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left"
+												title="{$comment->createdAt|timeAgo}">
+												{$comment->user->name}:
+											</span>
+										</td>
+										<td>
+											<span>
+												{$comment->text}
+											</span>
+										</td>
+									</tr>
+								</table>
+							</td>
+					{/if}
+					{if $user->loggedIn && $new->id === $revision->id}
+						</tr>
+						<tr class="row-noborder">
+							<td colspan="99">
+								{form commentForm}
+									<div class="input-group comment-input">
+										{input text, class => "form-control", placeholder => "Comment this revision (only visible to other editors)"}
+										<span class="input-group-btn">
+											<button class="btn btn-default" n:name="save">
+												<i class="fa fa-share"></i>
+											</button>
+										</span>
+									</div>
+								{/form}
+							</td>
+					{/if}
+				</tr>
+			{/foreach}
+		</table>
+
+	</div>
+</div>

samples/Liquid/layout.liquid

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
+  <title>{{shop.name}} - {{page_title}}</title>
+
+  {{ 'textile.css'  | global_asset_url | stylesheet_tag }}
+  {{ 'lightbox/v204/lightbox.css' | global_asset_url | stylesheet_tag }}
+
+  {{ 'prototype/1.6/prototype.js' | global_asset_url  | script_tag }}
+  {{ 'scriptaculous/1.8.2/scriptaculous.js' | global_asset_url  | script_tag }}
+  {{ 'lightbox/v204/lightbox.js'  | global_asset_url  | script_tag }}
+  {{ 'option_selection.js'        | shopify_asset_url | script_tag }}
+
+  {{ 'layout.css'   | asset_url | stylesheet_tag }}
+  {{ 'shop.js'      | asset_url | script_tag }}
+
+  {{ content_for_header }}
+</head>
+
+<body id="page-{{template}}">
+
+  <p class="hide"><a href="#rightsiders">Skip to navigation.</a></p>
+    <!-- mini cart -->
+        {% if cart.item_count > 0 %}
+      <div id="minicart" style="display:none;"><div id="minicart-inner">
+      <div id="minicart-items">
+      <h2>There {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'is', 'are' }} {{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'item', 'items' }} in <a href="/cart" title="View your cart">your cart</a>!</h2><h4 style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; padding: 0;">Your subtotal is {{ cart.total_price | money }}.</h4>
+        {% for item in cart.items %}
+        <div class="thumb">
+          <div class="prodimage"><a href="{{item.product.url}}" onMouseover="tooltip('{{ item.quantity }} x {{ item.title }} ({{ item.variant.title }})', 200)"; onMouseout="hidetooltip()"><img src="{{ item.product.featured_image | product_img_url: 'thumb' }}" /></a></div>
+        </div>
+        {% endfor %}
+        </div>
+       <br style="clear:both;" />
+      </div></div>
+        {% endif %}
+
+  <div id="container">
+    <div id="header">
+      <!-- Begin Header -->
+        <h1 id="logo"><a href="/" title="Go Home">{{shop.name}}</a></h1>
+      <div id="cartlinks">
+        {% if cart.item_count > 0 %}
+          <h2 id="cartcount"><a href="/cart" onMouseover="tooltip('There {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'is', 'are' }} {{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'item', 'items' }} in your cart!', 200)"; onMouseout="hidetooltip()">{{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'thing', 'things' }}!</a></h2>
+      <a href="/cart" id="minicartswitch" onclick="superSwitch(this, 'minicart', 'Close Mini Cart'); return false;" id="cartswitch">View Mini Cart ({{ cart.total_price | money }})</a>
+        {% endif %}
+      </div>
+      <!-- End Header -->
+
+    </div>
+  <hr />
+<div id="main">
+
+    <div id="content">
+    <div id="innercontent">
+      {{ content_for_layout }}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+  <hr />
+    <div id="rightsiders">
+
+      <ul class="rightlinks">
+        {% for link in linklists.main-menu.links %}
+           <li>{{ link.title | link_to: link.url }}</li>
+        {% endfor %}
+      </ul>
+
+        {% if tags %}
+        <ul class="rightlinks">
+          {% for tag in collection.tags %}
+            <li><span class="add-link">{{ '+' | link_to_add_tag: tag }}</span>{{ tag | highlight_active_tag | link_to_tag: tag }}</li>
+          {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+        {% endif %}
+
+      <ul class="rightlinks">
+        {% for link in linklists.footer.links %}
+           <li>{{ link.title | link_to: link.url }}</li>
+        {% endfor %}
+      </ul>
+
+    </div>
+
+  <hr /><br style="clear:both;" />
+
+    <div id="footer">
+      <div class="footerinner">
+      All prices are in {{ shop.currency }}.
+      Powered by <a href="http://www.shopify.com" title="Shopify, Hosted E-Commerce">Shopify</a>.
+    </div>
+    </div>
+
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="tooltip"></div>
+<img id="pointer" src="{{ 'arrow2.gif' | asset_url }}" />
+
+</body>
+</html>

samples/Liquid/template.liquid

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<h3>We have wonderful products!</h3>
+<ul id="products">
+  <div id="productpage">
+    <div id="productimages"><div id="productimages-top"><div id="productimages-bottom">
+      {% for image in product.images %}
+        {% if forloop.first %}
+          <a href="{{ image | product_img_url: 'large' }}" class="productimage" rel="lightbox">
+            <img src="{{ image | product_img_url: 'medium'}}" alt="{{product.title | escape }}" />
+          </a>
+        {% else %}
+          <a href="{{ image | product_img_url: 'large' }}" class="productimage-small" rel="lightbox">
+            <img src="{{ image | product_img_url: 'small'}}" alt="{{product.title | escape }}" />
+          </a>
+        {% endif %}
+      {% endfor %}
+    </div></div></div>
+
+    <h2>{{ product.title }}</h2>
+
+    <ul id="details" class="hlist">
+      <li>Vendor: {{ product.vendor | link_to_vendor }}</li>
+      <li>Type: {{ product.type | link_to_type }}</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <small>{{ product.price_min | money }}{% if product.price_varies %} - {{ product.price_max | money }}{% endif %}</small>
+
+    <div id="variant-add">
+      <form action="/cart/add" method="post">
+
+        <select id="variant-select" name="id" class="product-info-options">
+          {% for variant in product.variants %}
+            <option value="{{ variant.id }}">{{ variant.title }} - {{ variant.price | money }}</option>
+          {% endfor %}
+        </select>
+
+        <div id="price-field" class="price"></div>
+
+      <div style="text-align:center;"><input type="image" name="add" value="Add to Cart" id="add" src="{{ 'addtocart.gif' | asset_url }}" /></div>
+      </form>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="description textile">
+      {{ product.description }}
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <!--
+    // prototype callback for multi variants dropdown selector
+    var selectCallback = function(variant, selector) {
+      if (variant && variant.available == true) {
+        // selected a valid variant
+        $('add').removeClassName('disabled'); // remove unavailable class from add-to-cart button
+        $('add').disabled = false;           // reenable add-to-cart button
+        $('price-field').innerHTML = Shopify.formatMoney(variant.price, "{{shop.money_with_currency_format}}");  // update price field
+      } else {
+        // variant doesn't exist
+        $('add').addClassName('disabled');      // set add-to-cart button to unavailable class
+        $('add').disabled = true;              // disable add-to-cart button
+        $('price-field').innerHTML = (variant) ? "Sold Out" : "Unavailable"; // update price-field message
+      }
+    };
+
+    // initialize multi selector for product
+    Event.observe(document, 'dom:loaded', function() {
+      new Shopify.OptionSelectors("variant-select", { product: {{ product | json }}, onVariantSelected: selectCallback });
+    });
+  -->
+  </script>
+</ul>

samples/MTML/categories_to_columns.mtml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<$mt:Var name="num_cols" value="6"$>
+<$mt:Var name="index" value="0"$>
+<mt:Categories>
+  <$mt:Var name="index" op="++" setvar="index"$>
+  <mt:SetVarBlock name="categories{$index}">
+    <a href="<$mt:CategoryArchiveLink$>"><$mt:CategoryLabel remove_html="1"$></a>
+  </mt:SetVarBlock>
+</mt:Categories>
+<$mt:Var name="categories" function="count" setvar="cat_count"$>
+<$mt:Var name="cat_count" op="%" value="$num_cols" setvar="modulus"$>
+<mt:If name="modulus" gt="0">
+  <$mt:Var name="cat_count" op="-" value="$modulus" setvar="cat_count_minus_mod"$>
+  <$mt:Var name="cat_count_minus_mod" op="/" value="$num_cols" setvar="cats_per_col"$>
+  <$mt:Var name="cats_per_col" op="+" value="1" setvar="cats_per_col"$>
+<mt:Else>
+  <$mt:Var name="cat_count" op="/" value="$num_cols" setvar="cats_per_col"$>
+</mt:If>
+<mt:SetVarTemplate name="for_inner">
+  <$mt:Var name="index" op="++" setvar="index"$>
+  <mt:Unless name="index" gt="$cat_count">
+    <$mt:Var name="categories{$index}"$>
+  </mt:Unless>
+</mt:SetVarTemplate>
+
+<$mt:Var name="index" value="0"$>
+<$mt:Var name="col_num" value="1"$>
+<mt:For from="1" to="$num_cols">
+  <div class="col<$mt:Var name="col_num"$>">
+    <mt:For from="1" to="$cats_per_col">
+      <$mt:Var name="for_inner"$>
+    </mt:For>
+  </div>
+  <$mt:Var name="col_num" op="++" setvar="col_num"$>
+</mt:For>
+

samples/Mercury/expr.moo

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+:- module expr.
+
+:- interface.
+
+:- import_module char, int, list.
+
+:- type token
+	--->	('+')
+	;	('-')
+	;	('*')
+	;	('/')
+	;	num(int)
+	;	('(')
+	;	(')')
+	;	eof
+	.
+
+:- parse(exprn/1, token, eof, xx, in, out).
+
+:- pred scan(list(char), list(token)).
+:- mode scan(in, out) is det.
+
+:- implementation.
+
+:- import_module string, require.
+
+:- rule exprn(int).
+exprn(Num)	--->	exprn(A), [+], term(B), { Num = A + B }.
+exprn(Num)	--->	exprn(A), [-], term(B), { Num = A - B }.
+exprn(Num)	--->	term(Num).
+
+:- rule term(int).
+term(Num)	--->	term(A), [*], factor(B), { Num = A * B }.
+term(Num)	--->	term(A), [/], factor(B), { Num = A // B }.
+term(Num)	--->	factor(Num).
+
+:- rule factor(int).
+factor(Num)	--->	['('], exprn(Num), [')'].
+factor(Num)	--->	[num(Num)].
+
+scan(Chars, Toks) :-
+	scan(Chars, [], Toks0),
+	list__reverse(Toks0, Toks).
+
+:- pred scan(list(char), list(token), list(token)).
+:- mode scan(in, in, out) is det.
+
+scan([], Toks, [eof|Toks]).
+scan([C|Cs], Toks0, Toks) :-
+	( char__is_whitespace(C) ->
+		scan(Cs, Toks0, Toks)
+	; char__is_digit(C) ->
+		takewhile(char__is_digit, [C|Cs], Digits, Rest),
+		string__from_char_list(Digits, NumStr),
+		Num = string__det_to_int(NumStr),
+		scan(Rest, [num(Num)|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = ('+') ->
+		scan(Cs, ['+'|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = ('-') ->
+		scan(Cs, ['-'|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = ('*') ->
+		scan(Cs, ['*'|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = ('/') ->
+		scan(Cs, ['/'|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = ('(') ->
+		scan(Cs, ['('|Toks0], Toks)
+	; C = (')') ->
+		scan(Cs, [')'|Toks0], Toks)
+	;
+		error("expr: syntax error in input")
+	).
+

samples/Mercury/hello.m

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% "Hello World" in Mercury.
+
+% This source file is hereby placed in the public domain.  -fjh (the author).
+
+:- module hello.
+:- interface.
+:- import_module io.
+
+:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
+
+:- implementation.
+
+main(!IO) :-
+	io.write_string("Hello, world\n", !IO).

samples/Mercury/rot13_concise.m

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+% File: rot13_concise.m
+% Main authors: Warwick Harvey <wharvey@cs.monash.edu.au>
+%               Fergus Henderson <fjh@cs.mu.oz.au>
+%
+% rot13_concise:
+%
+% Program to read its input, apply the rot13 algorithm, and write it out
+% again.
+%
+% This version is more concise (but less efficient) than its companion,
+% rot13_verbose.
+%
+% Key features:
+% - is independent of character set (e.g. ASCII, EBCDIC)
+% - has proper error handling
+%
+
+:- module rot13_concise.
+
+:- interface.
+:- import_module io.
+
+:- pred main(state, state).
+:- mode main(di, uo) is det.
+
+:- implementation.
+:- import_module char, int, string.
+
+% The length of `alphabet' should be a multiple of `cycle'.
+alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
+cycle = 26.
+
+rot_n(N, Char) = RotChar :-
+	char_to_string(Char, CharString),
+	( if sub_string_search(alphabet, CharString, Index) then
+		NewIndex = (Index + N) mod cycle + cycle * (Index // cycle),
+		index_det(alphabet, NewIndex, RotChar)
+	else
+		RotChar = Char
+	).
+
+rot13(Char) = rot_n(13, Char).
+
+main -->
+	read_char(Res),
+	( { Res = ok(Char) },
+		print(rot13(Char)),
+		main
+	; { Res = eof }
+	; { Res = error(ErrorCode) },
+		{ error_message(ErrorCode, ErrorMessage) },
+		stderr_stream(StdErr),
+		print(StdErr, "rot13: error reading input: "),
+		print(StdErr, ErrorMessage),
+		nl(StdErr)
+	).
+
+